Recent rains have provided some needed relief from dusty conditions across much of North Dakota. The effects of strong winds and dry soils have been a visible challenge for farmers during spring planting and have been an unpleasant companion to outdoor activities.

Dusty conditions can also pose cattle health challenges that producers should be aware of, according to Dr. Jake Galbreath, North Dakota State University Extension veterinarian.

Dust is usually trapped in the upper airway by mucus, which is then moved upwards by tiny hairlike cells and eliminated through coughing or swallowing. High levels of dust can overwhelm these defenses, causing inflammation. Inflamed lung tissue is more susceptible to infection (pneumonia), either from pathogens carried by dust or from those normally present taking advantage of impaired defenses.

“Calves are usually more at risk of developing pneumonia because their lungs have not matured and their immune systems are not fully developed to fight infection,” says Dr. Galbreath.

Early identification of respiratory issues can allow treatment before permanent lung damage occurs.

Dr. Galbreath provides warning signs for producers:

• Watery eyes that may become inflamed
• Thick mucus from the nose or eyes
• Persistent cough that increases with movement
• Wheezing, harsh breathing and stretching of the neck
• Increased respiratory rate at rest (over 40 breaths per minute)

Dr. Galbreath also recommends that producers allow extra time to move cattle, work them slowly in dusty conditions and use low-stress handling techniques.

“Working slowly is even more important in cattle with respiratory disease, as their lung function may be significantly impaired,” says Dr. Galbreath.

Dusty conditions can contribute to other health problems as well. Eye irritation from dust can lead to pinkeye, as face flies that spread disease are drawn to increased secretions from the eyes. Also, persistent coughing can lead to rectal prolapse.

“While the weather conditions that cause significant dust are out of our control,” says Dr. Galbreath, “producers can take some steps to help with dust and reduce the risk of developing respiratory disease.”

Those steps include the following:

• Spray water in and around pens and on nearby roads to settle dust.
• Avoid unnecessary traffic on roads upwind from cattle.
• Utilize windbreaks or shelter belts.
• Clean water sources to encourage drinking, as hydration is important for airway protection.
• Move cattle from dry lot to pasture.
• Monitor pastures and stocking rates to avoid overgrazing.
• Ensure adequate trace mineral uptake to support healthy immune function.
• Vaccinate against respiratory pathogens based on herd history and consulting a veterinarian.

Treatment for respiratory disease typically includes antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications, either steroidal or nonsteroidal. Other supportive treatments, such as vitamin or mineral supplements, probiotics, and oral electrolytes, may also be beneficial.

Producers should develop treatment protocols for respiratory issues in consultation with their veterinarian.

For more information about dry conditions, visit ndsu.ag/drought-26.

NDSU Agriculture Communication – May 21, 2026

Source: Jake Galbreath, 701-231-5738, j.galbreath@ndsu.edu

Editor: Dominic Erickson, 701-231-5546, dominic.erickson@ndsu.edu