Oakes
Hard
red spring wheat variety trial
Onion hybrid
performance trial
Potato variety trial,
processing
Potato variety development
agronomic and storage trials
Crop Production
Management Studies
Corn row width and hybrid
study
Strip-till,
corn on corn nitrogen rate study
Strip-till,
corn on soybean nitrogen rate study
Strip-till
vs conventional tillage in onion
Sugar beet tillage hybrid
trial
Optimum corn
stover removal for bio-fuel and the environment
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Irrigation allows producers to achieve yield
goals which results in better N utilization and improved quality in malting
barley. With the use of intensive crop
production techniques (fungicide applications, split N applications, etc.) high
yields of high quality barley can be achieved.
The objective of this study is to
find barley varieties that are viable in irrigated cropping systems in Southeastern,
ND and to develop and demonstrate agronomic practices that promote barley
production
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
|
Previous crop: |
2008 – soybean; 2007 – cabbage and onion;
2006 – barley and wheat. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
No-tilled with a Horsch Anderson plot
drill. |
|
Planting: |
Planted on April 22 with a Horsch Anderson
plot drill. Planting rate was 3 bu/acre (1,500,000 seeds/acre). |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 37 ft long by 7.5 ft wide. There were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April
21 broadcast 30 lbs N/acre, 43 lbs P2O5/acre, 52 lbs K2O/acre
and 22 lbs S/acre as 11-16-20-8.
Apply 11 lbs N/acre and 36 lbs P2O5/acre
as 10‑34-0 at planting. Stream
bar applied 30 lbs N/acre on May 15 and 40 lbs N/acre on May 25 as 28-0-0. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Apply Wolverine (1.7 pt/acre) on May 21, apply
Headline (6 oz/acre) on May 28, Tilt (4 oz/acre) on June 15 and Proline
(2.55 oz/acre) on June 20 and June 22 and Folicur (4 oz/acre) on June 23. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested on August 6 with a Hege plot
combine. Harvest area was a five foot
section from the middle of the plot 37 feet long. |
RESULTS
Four, six-row malting barley varieties: Drummond, Lacey, Stellar-ND and Tradition have been tested for four years under irrigation at this site. Their medium-short stature and strong to very strong straw strength resist lodging. These four varieties have averaged 112.8 bu/ac, 11.5% protein, 94.1% plump and 1.6% thin from 2006 – 2009. Pinnacle, a two-row variety, has been tested for two years and has had the lowest grain protein content each year. Celebration and Rasmusson were also tested in 2009. Both yielded well. Rasmusson had lower grain protein content and was shorter than other 6-row varieties.
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trial table
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Corn Hybrid Performance Trial
Corn for grain commands the most irrigated acres of all crops in North Dakota. The fact that significant differences in the accumulation of growing degree units for corn and other weather related issues exist across the state, it is vital that corn hybrids be tested in specific locations and regions. It is the goal of this trial to provide yield and other agronomic parameters for corn growers in southeastern, North Dakota.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Egeland loam and Maddock sandy loam; soil-N 40 lbs/acre;
soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was medium. |
|
Previous crops: |
2008 – pinto bean and soybean; 2007 – field corn; 2006 –
field corn. |
|
Seedbed preparation: |
Coulter chisel on April 23. |
|
Planting: |
Planted April 28 in 30-inch rows. Thinned to 33,800 plants/acre. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April
22 broadcast 30 lbs N/acre, 43 lbs P2O5/acre, 52 lbs K2O/acre
and 22 lbs S/acre as 11-16-20-8. Stream bar
applied 60 lbs N/acre as 32-0-0 on May 1.
Sidedress 110 lbs of N/acre as 28-0-0 on June 10. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed |
|
Pest Control: |
Outlook (1 pt/acre) on May 1, Buctril (1 pt/acre) +
Atrazine (0.5 lb ai/acre) May 21 and hand weeding controlled weeds. |
|
Harvested with a plot combine on November 19 and November
20. Harvest area was two rows 17 feet
long |
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Performance Trial table
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methods
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Dry Edible Bean Variety
Trials
Dry edible beans play a significant role in
irrigated rotations in Southeastern ND.
As Universities and private companies develop new varieties it is
important to test them upon their release.
Many producers have gone to direct harvesting of dry edible beans
including pinto beans. Pinto beans have historically been knifed windrowed and
harvested with a bean combine. Therefore
it is imperative to test the determinate, upright, short vine pinto varieties
that facilitate direct harvesting and compare their yield to the upright vine
and vine types.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Pinto bean - Maddock sandy loam
and Embden Loam; navy and miscellaneous bean - Embden loam: soil-N
61 lb/acre; soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was low. |
|
Previous crop: |
2008 - wheat; 2007 - soybean
and carrot; 2006 - carrot, onion and barley. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Coulter
chisel on April 24. Disk and multiweed (field cultivate) twice on May 14
to incorporate herbicide and multiweed on May 21. |
|
Planting: |
Planted all edible beans on May 22. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 17 ft long by 7.5 ft
(3 rows) wide. There were 4 reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April
21 broadcast 30 lbs N/acre, 43 lbs P2O5/acre, 52 lbs K2O/acre
and 22 lbs S/acre as 11-16-20-8 to all beans. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler
irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Trust (1˝
pt/acre) on May 14, Raptor (4 oz/acre) + NIS (0.25%v/v) on June 18,
Basagran (1 qt/acre) on June 25 for weed control. Proline (5 oz/acre) on July 8, July 14
and July 24 and Quadris (6.2 oz/acre) on July 18 and July 24 for
disease control. |
|
Harvest: |
Hand harvested August 31 to September 8 when mature. Harvest area for all bean
varieties was: the center row (seventeen feet). Beans were bagged, dried and threshed
with a stationary plot thresher. |
Go to the edible bean table (Select one)
Misc dry edible bean table Navy bean table Pinto bean table
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Hard Red Spring Wheat Variety Trial
Many of the acres historically planted to hard red
spring wheat (HRSW) in Southeastern ND have been replaced by corn and
soybeans. Soybeans have been the
dominant crop to replace wheat in rotations.
The rapid and near universal acceptance of Roundup ready soybean
varieties has accelerated this decline in wheat acres. During this same time frame, a number of wet,
humid cropping seasons resulted in a significant reduction in wheat yields due
to disease, especially head scab.
Whereas wheat yields in ND seemed to have reached a plateau, corn and
soybean yields were increasing. Despite
this scenario, several researchers and producers using intensive management in
wheat are having different results. In intensive
management, all areas of production from plant population, seeding depth,
fungicide applications, nitrogen rate, time of application, weed control, etc,
are closely monitored. Healthy wheat
plants that lodge less result in higher yields, and grain protein content.
The objective of this trial is to test HRSW
varieties for yield and other agronomic parameters grown with intensive
management in an irrigated environment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Embden loam and Gardena loam; soil N-48 lb/acre;
soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was medium. |
|
Previous crop: |
2008 – soybean; 2007 - onion; 2006 –
cabbage and wheat. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
No-tilled with a Horsch Anderson plot
drill. |
|
Planting: |
Planted on April 23 with a Horsch Anderson
plot drill. Planting rate was 1.7
bu/acre (1,500,000 seeds/acre). |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 37 ft long by 7.5 ft wide. There were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April
21 broadcast 30 lbs N/acre, 43 lbs P2O5/acre, 52 lbs K2O/acre
and 22 lbs S/acre as 11-16-20-8.
Apply 11 lbs N/acre and 36 lbs P2O5/acre
as 10‑34-0 at planting. Stream
bar applied 30 lbs N/acre on May 15, forty lbs N/acre on May 25 and 20 lbs
N/acre on June 2 as 28-0-0. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Apply Wolverine (1.7 pt/acre) on May 21,
apply Headline (6 oz/acre) on May 28, Tilt (4 oz/acre) on June 15 and
Proline (2.55 oz/acre) on June 24 and June 26 and Folicur (4 oz/acre) on June
29. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested on August 22 with a Hege plot
combine. Harvest area was a five-foot
section from the middle of the plot 37 feet long. |
RESULTS
Yield,
test weight, grain protein, plant height, and maturity were significantly
different among varieties. Yields were
68.1 bu/ac in 2009 compared to the three year average of 69.4 bu/ac. Although Glenn was the lowest yielding
variety in 2009, it had the highest grain protein and test weight. Faller was the highest yielder and had the
lowest grain protein. Due to low grain
protein levels in the ND crop in 2009 discounts for protein below 14% were
steep. If we assume a $0.15 price
reduction for every 0.2% protein decline below 14%, Faller would gross $285.76/ac compared to Glenn at
$295.30/ac using the three average grain yield and protein content. In years of low protein discounts Faller
would gross significantly more.
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Onion Hybrid Performance Trial
Onions have done
well under irrigation in ND. Onions are
predominately yellow sweet Spanish. Some
red onions are also produced. This study
tested 32 sweet Spanish and 2 red hybrids.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Maddock sandy loam; soil N-32 lbs/acre; soil-P and soil-K
were high; soil‑S was low. |
|
Previous crops: |
2008 – barley; 2007 – soybean; 2006 – field corn. |
|
Seedbed preparation: |
Strip-tilled
April 24 utilizing a narrow shark toothed residue manager with an anhydrous
point on the shank and 13-inch fluted closing coulters. This configuration, with minimal angle
(less aggressive) on the coulters, tilled a 6-inch non-bermed band in the
soil. |
|
Planting: |
Direct seeded onions (285,000 seeds/acre; later thinned
to 180,000 plants/acre) on May 4 with a Monosem precision planter. Onions were planted: 2 lines per row with
2.5 inches between lines and rows on 16-inch centers. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 3 ft (two rows) wide by 17 ft long. The study had 4 reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April
22 broadcast 30 lbs N/acre, 43 lbs P2O5/acre, 52 lbs K2O/acre
and 22 lbs S/acre as 11-16-20-8.
Stream-bar applied 30 lbs N/acre as 28-0-0 on June 2, June 22, July 6 and
July 23. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Weeds
were controlled using Select (8 oz/acre) + COC (1% v/v) and Buctril
(4 oz/acre) on May 29; Goaltender (4 oz/acre)
on June 9; Buctril (1 pt/acre) + Goal 2EC (0.6 oz/acre) on June 29, Select
(8 oz/acre) + COC (1.0% v/v) on July 11 and hand
weeding. |
|
Harvest: |
Onions were pulled on September 24 to September 28 and
were dried. Onions were graded October
6 to November 16. |
RESULTS
Sedona, Delgado and Crocket averaged 856, 809 and 760 cwt/ac respectively
from 2007-2009. Delgado, Sedona and
Crocket averaged
577, 58, and 493 cwt/ac in the greater than 3
inch size from 2007-2009.
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Processing Potato
Variety Trial
Asunta (Susie) Thompson, Walt Albus,
Nick David, Richard Nilles and Bryce Farnsworth
Potato continues to be the most important vegetable and horticultural
crop grown in
In order to meet the needs of potato producers, the potato industry and
consumers, we have established the following research objectives:
1) Develop potato (Solanum tuberosum Group Tuberosum L.)
cultivars for
2) Identify and introgress into
adapted potato germplasm, genetic resistance to major disease, insect, and
nematode pests causing economic losses in potato production in
3) Identify and develop enhanced
germplasm with resistance to environmental stresses and improved quality
characteristics for adoption by consumers and the potato industry.
Research
activities in 2009 ranged from research trial and seed production sites from
Langdon to Oakes in
The highlight of
2009 was the release of AOND95249-1Russ as Dakota TrailBlazer, in
December. It offers producers and
processors Verticillium wilt, pink
rot, sugar end, and late blight (field) resistance, in addition to outstanding
French fry/frozen processing and tablestock properties. Dakota TrailBlazer has very high specific
gravity, long dormancy, and cold sweetening resistance, processing reliably
from 42F storage. The most promising dual-purpose
russet selections in our program include ND8229-3, AOND95292-3Russ, and
ND8068-5Russ; all possess excellent appearance and processing qualities. Characteristics of these selections are
summarized in the pages following the 2009 research evaluation tables.
Finally, we would
like to acknowledge the encouragement, funding, and resources received from the
Oakes area producers, the NPPGA and MN Area II Potato Research Council, JR
Simplot Co., Cavendish Farms, and RD Offutt Co. Farm Division, certified seed
from Justin Dagen, Mike Jorde, and RD Offutt Co., and the assistance of Leonard
Besemann and Heidi Eslinger in maintaining the research plot.
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Location: Oakes
Irrigation Research Site, Oakes, ND
Soil type: Sandy
loam
Dates:
Planting: April
29, 2008
Vine Kill: October 8, 2008
Harvest: October
8, 2008
Days to harvest: 163
Plot information:
Row width: 36
inches
Seed spacing: 12
inches
Hills per plot: 20
Replicates: 4
Method
of planting: 2-row
Harriston plot planter; a fungicide seed piece treatment (Maxim MZ) was applied
at cutting.
Method of vine kill: Flailing
Method of harvest: Single
row digger, pickup by hand
Fertilizer: April
22 – 28 lbs N/ac, 44 lbs P205/ac, 55 lbs K20/ac,
22 lbs S/ac as 10-16-20-8
June 25 -30 lbs N/ac applied as 32-0-0 via
stream-bar
July 1 – 30 lbs N/ac applied as 32-0-0 via
stream-bar
July 10 – 30 lbs N/ac applied as 32-0-0 via
stream-bar
July 16 – 20 lbs N/ac applied as 32-0-0 via
stream-bar
July 24 – 20 lbs N/ac applied as 32-0-0 via
stream-bar
Herbicide applied: June 25 - Matrix (1.5 oz/ac) + Sencor DF (14
lb/ac) + NIS (0.25% v/v). Also
handweeded to control weeds.
Irrigation: Linear
– 13.2 inches over season per ET
Fungicides applied: July 10 – Dithane (2 lb/ac)
July 17 – Amistar (5 oz/ac)
July 25– Dithane (2 lb/ac)
July
31- Amistar (5 oz/ac)
Aug. 7– Dithane (2 lb/ac)
Aug 22– Dithane (2 lb/ac)
Insecticides applied: Belay (12 oz/ac) applied in furrow with planter.
Go to 2008 Processing
Potato Table
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Location: Oakes Irrigation Research Site, Oakes, ND
Dates:
Planting: May 2, 2009
Vine kill: Flailed on September 7, 2009
Harvest: October 8, 2009
Days to vine kill: 128 days
Days to harvest: 159 days
Plot information:
Row width: 36
inches
Seed spacing: 12 inches
Hills per plot: 20
Replicates: 4
Method of planting: 2-row Harriston plot planter, Admire
Pro (8 oz/acre) applied in-furrow. Seed
piece treatment (Tops MZ) was applied at cutting on April 28.
Method of harvest: Machine - single row digger and hand pick up
Irrigation: Linear – 12.05
inches applied May through September per ET
Fertilizer: April
21 – 30 lbs. N/ac, 43 lbsP2O5/acre, 52 lbs K2O/ac, 22
lbs S/ac as 11-16-20-8
May – 50 lbs. N/a applied as 32-0-0
June 22 -10 lbs. N/ac applied as 28-0-0 via stream-bar
June 29 – 20 lbs. N/ac applied as 28-0-0 via stream-bar
July 6 – 30 lbs. N/ac applied as 28-0-0 via stream-bar
July 15 – 20 lbs. N/ac applied as 28-0-0 via stream-bar
July 20 – 20 lbs. N/ac applied as 28-0-0 via stream-bar
July 29 – 10 lbs. N/ac applied as 28-0-0 via stream-bar
Aug. 3 - 10 lbs. N/ac applied as 28-0-0 via stream-bar
Herbicide applied: June 9 - Matrix (1 oz/ac) + Lexone (1/3 lb/ac) +
Dual (1 ˝ pt/ac) + NIS (0.125% v/v)
Fungicides applied: June 26 – Dithane (2 lbs/a)
July 2 - Amistar (5 oz/a)
July 11 – Dithane (2 lbs/a)
July 17 – Amistar (5 oz/a)
July 24– Dithane (2 lbs/a)
July 31- Amistar (5 oz/a)
Aug. 5– Dithane (2 lbs/a)
Aug 14 – Bravo ZN (2 pts/a)
Aug. 21 – Bravo ZN (2 pts/a)
Aug. 28 – Bravo ZN (2 pts/a)
Sept. 3 – Bravo ZN (2 pts/a)
Comments: Hail
week of June 14
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Agronomic and Storage Trials
Oakes, ND – 2009
Principal
Investigators:
Nick
David – Extension Potato Agronomist, North Dakota State University
Susie
Thompson – Potato Breeder, North Dakota State University
Christian
Thill – Potato Breeder, University of Minnesota
Walt
Albus – Research Agronomist, North Dakota State University
Marty
Glynn – Food Technologist and Potato Worksite Supervisor, USDA ARS
Summary
Twelve potato varieties were grown at the
Oakes Irrigation Research Site to determine their potential to provide
high-quality raw product to local processors.
Total yields of 395 – 520 cwt/acre were achieved during 2009; however,
usable yields ranged from 154 – 467 cwt/acre depending upon variety. MN18747 (467 cwt/a), Alpine Russet (466
cwt/a), Umatilla Russet (427cwt/a), and Russet Burbank (421 cwt/a) had the
highest usable yields of the varieties tested, while Premier Russet (154 cwt/a)
and Gemstar Russet (232 cwt/a) had the lowest. Specific gravities were
acceptable for all varieties tested, except MN18747 (1.070) which was too low
and could lead to crop rejection. Dakota Trailblazer, Gemstar Russet, and
MN18747 had the best fry scores at harvest with 100% 0 color using the USDA fry
color chart. Further studies investigating nitrogen fertilization of promising
new varieties, such as Alpine Russet and Dakota Trailblazer are warranted in
south-eastern North Dakota.
Introduction:
One of the goals of the extension potato
agronomy program at North Dakota State University and the University of
Minnesota is to provide growers with research-based information that can be
used to make well informed production decisions. The objective of this project
was to evaluate advanced breeding clones and recently-released potato varieties
grown in south-eastern North Dakota for potential use as frozen process raw
product. Specific objectives were to evaluate and determine if varietal
differences existed in: 1)Total yield, 2)Tuber size profile distribution,
3)Usable yield by size class, 4)Specific gravity, 5)Tuber length:width ratio,
6)Internal tuber defects, 7)External tuber defects, 8) Percent usable yield,
9)Tuber sucrose and glucose levels following 0, 3, 6, and 9 months storage, and
10) Fry color following 0, 3, 6, and 9 months storage.
General Materials and Methods:
This study was conducted at the Oakes
Irrigation Research Site on a Maddock sandy loam soil. The area was previously
cropped to field corn (2006 & 08) and soybean (2007). Following corn
harvest, the spring tillage practices included using a double disc with coulter
and airway to a depth of 8-10 inches. Two additional field cultivations were
performed on 1 May to incorporate pre-plant fertilizer.
Fertility and
Irrigation
- The residual soil nitrogen from the previous crop of field corn was
34 lb/acre. Soil sulfur tested medium while phosphorus and potassium were
very high. A pre‑plant, broadcast application of 30N- 43P- 52K- 22S
was applied as 11-26-20-8 on 21 April. During planting, an additional 20N- 70P-
0.5Zn- 0.1B was applied as a liquid band below the seed piece. Immediately
before hilling on 28 May, 50N was applied as 28-0-0. Subsequent stream-bar
applications of 10, 20, 30, 20, 20, 10, and 10 lb/acre of nitrogen as 28-0-0
were made on 22, 29 June, 6, 15, 20, 29 July, and 3 August, respectively.
Overhead sprinkler applications during May (1.0”), June (1.5”), July (4.3”),
August (4.0”), and September
(0.75”)
supplemented natural rainfall during the growing season.
Pest management - Pink rot
(Phytopthora erythroseptica) was controlled by applying 0.42 oz/ 1000 linear ft
row Ridomil Gold EC (mefenoxam). Following the final cultivation on 9 June,
weeds were controlled with 1 oz/acre Matrix (rimsulfuron), 1.5 pt/acre Dual II
Magnum (metolachlor), and 0.33 lb/acre Lexone (metribuzin). Early and Late
blight were controlled with 2 lb/acre Dithane (26 June, 11, 24 July, & 5
Aug), 5 oz/acre Amistar (2, 17, and 31 July), and 2 pt/acre Bravo Zn (14, 21,
28 Aug & 3 September). Early season Colorado potato beetle and aphid
control was achieved with an in-furrow application of 12 oz/acre of Belay
(chlothianidin).
Treatment Materials and Methods
Plot
design, planting, and harvest – Treatments (potato variety) were assigned
in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Individual plots
were 2 potato rows (6’) wide x 20 pieces (20’) long. Certified potato seed of
all varieties tested (Figures 1 – 12) were hand cut into 2-2.5 ounce pieces on 4
May, treated with Maxim MZ, and suberized for 7 days at 50°F and 95% relative
humidity. Plot were planted on 11 May with a 2-row, assist-feed Harriston
planter. Vines were mechanically flailed on 7 September and all potatoes were
harvested from each plot using a single-row Grimme harvester.
Yield evaluations – Following harvest,
all potatoes were transported to the USDA Potato Worksite in East Grand Forks,
MN, where total yield, size profile distribution, usable yield by size class,
specific gravity, and length:width ratios were determined.
Quality evaluations – Quality
evaluations were done at both the USDA Potato Worksite in East Grand Forks, MN,
and by Ag World Support Systems at J.R. Simplot in Grand Forks, ND.
Statistical analysis – Analysis of variance
was performed using PROC GLM in SAS v.9.3 and when significant, means were
separated using least significant differences.
Results:
Objective 1 – (Total
Yield)
Total
yields achieved during 2009 ranged from 395 – 520 cwt/acre and analysis of variance
indicated significant differences existed between the twelve varieties tested
(Table 1). Russet Burbank had the highest total yield numerically, but was
statistically equal to MN18747, Alpine Russet, and Umatilla Russet. Bannock
Russet, Dakota Trailblazer, Gemstar Russet, MN02419, MN15620, Premier Russet,
Prospect, and Ranger Russet all had significantly lower total yields than
Russet Burbank.
Objective 2 – (Tuber
size profile)
Analysis
of variance indicated significant differences between varieties existed in all
tuber size classes (< 3, 3 – 4, 4 – 6, 6 – 8, 8 – 10, and over 10 ounces)
evaluated (Table 1). Russet Burbank, Dakota Trailblazer, Gemstar Russet,
MN18747, Premier Russet, and Prospect had the lowest yield of tubers less than
3 ounces, while MN 15620 and Umatilla Russet had the highest. MN02419, MN15620,
MN18747, and Umatilla Russet had the highest yield of 6 – 8 ounce tubers, and
Alpine Russet, Russet Burbank, MN02419, MN15620, MN18747, and Umatilla Russet
had the highest yield of 8 – 10 ounce tubers. Alpine Russet and Gemstar Russet
had the highest yield of tubers greater than 10 ounces.
Objective 3 – (Usable
Yield over 3 oz)
– Usable yields ranged from 363 –
473 cwt/acre and analysis of variance indicated significant differences existed
(Table 2). Alpine Russet, Russet Burbank, MN18747, and Umatilla Russet had the
highest usable yield of varieties tested. Bannock Russet, Dakota Trailblazer,
Gemstar, Premier Russet, and Prospect had significantly lower usable yield than
Russet Burbank. Russet Burbank, Dakota Trailblazer, Gemstar Russet, and
Prospect had the highest percentage of usable yield above 6 ounces, while
MN02419, MN15620, MN18747, Ranger Russet, and Umatilla Russet had a lower
usable yield greater than 6 ounces compared to Russet Burbank. Dakota
Trailblazer, Gemstar Russet, Premier Russet, and Prospect had the highest
percentage of usable yield above 10 ounces and they were significantly greater
than Russet Burbank.
Objective 4 –
(Specific gravity)
Average
(Table 2) and size class (Table 3) specific gravities for each variety were
determined at the USDA Potato Worksite in East Grand Forks, MN. Russet Burbank
had an average specific gravity of 1.087 during 2009. All varieties except
MN18747 (1.070), Prospect (1.081), Ranger Russet, (1.092), and Dakota
Trailblazer (1.096) had gravities of 1.084 – 1.088. The specific gravity of
MN18747 is below the rejectable level of 1.075 used by some processors.
Objective 5 –
(Length:Width ratio)
The
length:width ratio describes the overall shape of potato tubers and is a good
indicator of french fry length and process plant recovery. Round tubers have a
L:W ratio near 1.0 and result in short french-fries with low recovery rates. As
a result, varieties with low L:W ratios are not desirable for the french-fry
industry. As the L:W ratio increases to 1.50 – 1.75 tubers are described as
blocky or oblong. L:W ratios above 1.75 are described as long or elongated and
result in long french-fries with the greatest recovery. Average (Table 2) and
size class specific (Table 3) L:W ratios were determined for all varieties
evaluated. During 2009, Russet Burbank had an average L:W ratio of 2.0. The
blockiest varieties (L:W ratio = 1.6 – 1.7) were Alpine Russet, Bannock Russet,
Dakota Trailblazer, MN15620, MN18747, and Prospect. The only variety with a
greater L:W ratio than Burbank was Ranger Russet. The most elongated varieties
(L:W > 1.7) were Russet Burbank, Gemstar Russet, MN02419, Premier Russet,
Ranger
Russet, and Umatilla Russet.
Objectives 6 –
(Internal defects), 7 – (External defects), and 8 – (Percent usable yield)
Following
sizing at the USDA facility in East Grand Forks, all replicates were combined
and a 500 lb sample of each variety was delivered to Ag World Support Systems
at J.R. Simplot in Grand Forks, ND immediately following harvest for quality
evaluations (Table 4). The most prominent internal defect was hollow heart and
ranged from 0 – 57% depending upon variety. Russet Burbank (10%), Bannock
Russet (15%), Gemstar Russet (38%), and Premier Russet (57%) all had levels of
hollow heart (>9%) that could lead to crop rejection by the processor.
External defects ranged from 2 – 8% in 2009, with soft rot and sunburn being
the most prevalent cause. Total usables ranged from a low of 36 to a high of
93% in the varieties tested. Alpine Russet, Dakota Trailblazer, MN18747,
Prospect, and Ranger Russet all had over 90% usables, compared to 81% for
Russet Burbank.
Objective 9 – (Tuber
sucrose and glucose levels following 0, 3, 6, and 9 months storage)
The
results for the sucrose and glucose levels were not available at the time the
report was
written,
but will be included in a final report presented in August.
Objective 10 – (Fry
color following 0, 3, 6, and 9 months storage)
Following
sizing at the USDA facility in East Grand Forks, all replicates for each
variety were combined and tuber samples were taken for fry analysis following
0, 3, 6, and 9 months storage at 48°F. Data for the 0 month fry time is
reported here. Fries from Russet Burbank showed some color with only 83% having
a score of 0 on the USDA Color Chart, while 16% had a color score of 2. All
varieties tested, except Umatilla Russet (75%), had a higher percentage of 0
color fries than Russet Burbank during 2009. One-hundred percent of fries from
Dakota Trailblazer, Gemstar, and MN18747 had a color score of 0, the best
possible score.
Go to Potato Variety Development Agronomic and Storage tables
Go to beginning of material and
methods
Go to Oakes Irrigation
Research Site 2009 Annual Report
Go to Oakes Irrigation
Research Site home page
Soybeans are a major dryland crop in central and Southeastern ND. Historically dry edible beans have pre-empted soybeans in irrigation rotations in this area of the state. The present market price for soybeans and less risk in their production have resulted in more irrigated acres. It is the purpose of this trial to provide producers with yield and agronomic information on soybean varieties in an irrigated environment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Maddock sandy loam; soil N-34
lbs/acre; soil-P and soil‑K were very high; soil-S was medium. |
|
Previous crop: |
2008 – field corn; 2007 ‑
soybean; 2006 – field corn. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Disked twice April 21, coulter chisel once April 22, disk
once and multiweed (field cultivate) twice on May 14. |
|
Planting: |
Planted soybeans on May 15 in
30-inch rows. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 17 ft long by 5 ft
(2 rows) wide. There were 4 reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April
22 broadcast 30 lbs N/acre, 43 lbs P2O5/acre, 52 lbs K2O/acre
and 22 lbs S/acre as 11-16-20-8. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler
irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Trust (1.5 pt/acre) on May 14, Extreme (2Ľ pt/acre) + Roundup
(16 oz/acre) + NIS (˝ pt/100 gal) + AMS (10 lb/100 gal) on June 15, Roundup
(32 oz/acre) + AMS (10 lb/100 gal) on July 10. Proline (5 oz/acre) on July 8, July 15
and July 22. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested on October 13 with a
plot combine. |
RESULTS
Grain yield, plant lodging, seed oil and protein %, and test weight were significantly affected by variety. Yields were 61.6 bu/ac compared to the three year mean of 62.7 bu/ac. Interestingly, varieties that matured by September 20, or earlier, yielded within 0.2 bu/ac of varieties that matured after September 20.
Go to the Soybean Variety Trial table
Go to beginning of material and
methods
Go to Oakes Irrigation
Research Site 2009 Annual Report
Go to Oakes Irrigation Research Site home page
Ted
Helms, NDSU Department of Plant Sciences
Four different
breeding experiments were conducted at the Oakes Irrigated Research and
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Conventional soybean, early and
late - Embden sandy loam and Hecla sandy loam; soil-N 46 lbs/acre; soil-P,
soil-K and soil-S were very high.
Natto soybean – Embden sandy loam and Maddock sandy loam; soil-N
19 lbs/acre, soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was low. Tufo – Hecla sandy loam and Maddock sandy
loam; soil-N 18 lbs/acre, soil P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was
medium. |
|
Previous crop: |
Conventional
soybean early and late: 2008 – field corn; 2007 – edible bean; 2006 –
soybean. Natto and tufo soybean: 2008 – onion; 2007 – barley and wheat; 2006 – field corn, sugar
beet and onion. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Coulter chisel on April 23,
disk once and multiweed (field cultivate) twice on May 14. |
|
Planting: |
Planted all soybeans on May 20,
in 30-inch rows. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 17 ft long by 5 ft
(2 rows) wide. All studies had 3 reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April
23 broadcast 30 lbs N/acre, 43 lbs P2O5/acre, 52 lbs K2O/acre
and 22 lbs S/acre as 11-16-20-8. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler
irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
All
studies: Apply Trust (1.5 pt/acre) on
May 14, Raptor (5 oz/acre) + NIS (0.25% v/v) + AMS (12 lb/100 gal) on June
18, Basagran (1 qt/acre) on June 25.
Proline (5 oz/acre) on July 8, July 15 and July 22. Natto and
tufo: Cultivate on June 29 and July 1.
Apply Basagran (1.5 pt/acre) + COC (1 pt/acre) on July 15. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested on October 13 with a
plot combine. |
Go to the Soybean Breeding Project Table (Select one)
Natto soybean Tufo soybean Conventional soybean early Conventional soybean late
Go to beginning of material and
methods
Go to Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2009 Annual Report
Go to Oakes Irrigation Research Site home page
Corn Row Width and Hybrid Study
A three year study on
corn row width and population from 2006-2008 showed no significant yield
advantage to 15-inch or 30-inch paired rows over 30-inch rows. Increasing population increased yield up to
35,000 plants/ac. The lack of response to narrower rows goes against research
at this site in the 70’s and 80’s.
Although the lack of response to narrow rows the past three years has been
very consistent, row width is such a major decision in planter selection that
the row with part of this study will be continued. Since 15-inch rows gives the most inter-row
plant spacing it was decided to just compare 15-inch rows and 30-inch
rows. There is no reason to test other
row configurations if we don’t see a yield advantage in 15-inch rows.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Maddock sandy loam. soil-N 40 lbs/acre; soil-P and soil-K were
very high; soil-S was medium. |
|
Previous crop: |
2008 – edible bean and soybean; 2007 –
field corn; 2006 – field corn and soybean. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Coulter chisel April 23 and multiweed (field cultivate)
May 13. |
|
Planting: |
Planted on May 14 in 30-inch and 15-inch
row spacing. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 157 ft long by 11 ft wide. Plots with 30-inch row spacing had
4 rows; plots with 15-inch spacing had 8 rows. Corn was planted at 38,000 seeds per acre. There were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
Broadcast
30 lbs N/acre, 43 lbs P2O5/acre, 52 lbs K2O/acre
and 22 lbs S/acre as 11‑16-20-8 on April 22. Applied 60 lbs N/acre as 28-0-0 on
May 15. Stream bar 90 lbs N/acre
as 28-0-0 on June 9. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Apply Status (6 oz/acre) + Roundup (22
oz/acre) + NIS (0.25% v/v) + AMS (10 lb/100 gal) on June 3 and Roundup (32
oz/acre) + AMS (10 lb/100 gal) on June 25. |
|
Harvest: |
Hand harvested R5 on September 14,
September 25; R6 on October 26. Harvest
area was a 10 foot by 5 foot section from each plot (two rows from the
30-inch row plots and four rows from the 15-inch row plots). November 19 the remainder was harvested
and recorded with a weigh wagon. The
entire length, 157 feet, was harvested (four rows 30 inch spacing and eight
rows from the 15 in spacing). |
RESULTS
DeKalb DKC
43-31, and Pioneer 9494XR and Crows 1807 showed no yield response to 15-inch
rows over 30-inch. This is the fourth
year (2006-2009) in which corn row width has not statistically affected
yield. This is surprising and contrary to past data. Corn grown in 20-inch rows had a 12 bu/acre
yield advantage over corn in 30-inch rows at this same site when studies from
1977-78 and 1980-82 are averaged.
Go to the Corn row width and hybrid study table
Go to beginning of material and
methods
Go to Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2009 Annual Report
Go to Oakes Irrigation Research Site home page
Corn grain production has made amazing increases in both yield and
number of acres planted ND in the past 12 years. Figure 1 shows the corn acres planted and
total bushels harvested in ND from 1997-2009.
We are currently planting about 2.2 million acres of corn and producing
about 260 million bushels annually. The
current 2009 estimate of 208 million bushels of corn produced in ND includes
about 33 percent of the crop to be harvested in the spring of 2010.
It is estimated that if all ethanol
and high fructose corn sweetener plants in the State were operating and the
Williston and Scranton plants came on line they would use about 225 million
bushels of corn annually Although corn
for several of these plants comes from out of State, corn acres must increase
in ND to meet future demand. Increasing
corn acres in Southeastern ND will require more continuous corn in crop rotations. Conventional grown continuous corn requires
extensive tillage with high fuel use.
Continuous corn requires about 40 lb more N/acre than corn grown on
soybean ground. Fuel and fertilizer
prices have increased dramatically with higher energy costs.
It is the objectives of this study
to grow continuous corn in a strip-till system that eliminates full width
tillage and to find efficient nitrogen rates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Embden sandy loam and Helca sandy loam; soil-P
and soil-K was high; soil-S was medium. |
|
Previous crop: |
2008 - field corn; 2007 - field corn; 2006
– field corn. |
|
Seedbed preparation: |
Strip-tilled on May 6, with a Orthman
strip-till machine. |
|
Planting: |
Planted on May 8 in 30-inch rows @ 33,000
seeds/acre. |
|
Hybrid: |
Dekalb DCK46-60 |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 137 ft long by 20 ft (8 rows)
wide. There were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
May 6, during strip-till operation, banded
12 lbs N/acre and 40 lbs P2O5 as 10-34-0, May 12 band applied
8 lbs N/acre and 17 lbs S/acre as 12-0-0-26, May 12 applied 30 lbs N/acre as
28-0-0 on all plots except the zero N-rate plots, June 10 applied N as 28-0-0 for a total of
100, 150 and 200 lbs total N/acre on the respective N-rate treatments (0, 50,
100, 150 and 200 lbs N/acre). |
|
Irrigation: |
Hand move sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Lumax (3 pt/acre) + Atrazine (1.5 lbs
ai/acre) on May 29. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested on November 18 with a JD 4400
combine. Harvest area was the middle
four rows of each plot 137 feet long. |
RESULTS
Increasing
nitrogen rates (N) increased grain yield, chlorophyll meter readings green
index, and grain protein. Remote sensing
did an excellent job of predicting corn N status. Green reflectivity in plots from aerial
digital photography is inversely related to N rate. In this study the green reflectivity number
was subtracted from 256 (number representing maximum reflectivity) to calculate
a green index number. The higher the green
index, the greener the corn tissue.
Although the amount of corn residue has stabilized in these continuous
corn plots (corn from 2006 to 2007) seedling growth was suppressed in the
higher N rate treatments from 2007 to 2008.
To help counter this we went to an aggressive spring strip-till
operation in the spring of 2009 in which we strip-tilled to an 8-inch depth and
set fluted closing coulters 12 inches apart operating to a 4-inch depth to make
a 12-inch wide black strip to plant corn in.
For the most part this was successful. With the high volume of residue
pushed away in the higher N rate plots there was still some plant residue
falling back into the rows after planting. To help prevent the immobilization
of the pre-emerge N application that was broadcast in past years the
application was applied in a 10-inch band over the row in 2009. Although aggressive strip-tilling and banding
the pre-emerge N application were positive steps to promote the growth of
seedling and small corn plants some additional steps are required. To further facilitate optimum uptake of plant
N prior to side-dress the total amount of fertilizer N applied pre-emerge will
be upped to 75 lb/ac and applied with the strip-till operation and/or applied
in a dribble band in 2010. Side-dress
applications of fertilizer N will be applied in-between every row instead of
every other row as in the past. Since
applying this amount of fertilizer in pre-emerge will eliminate the 50 and 100
lb/ac N those treatments will become fertilizer N placement option
treatments. As in the past, N rate,
placement and timing will be changed as deemed necessary to meet the goals of
this study.
Figure 1. Acres planted to corn and total bushels harvested from 1997-2009 in North Dakota.
