| Table 9. Frequency of plant species in 25 x 25 cm frames on loamy overflow ecological sites in 1988 and 2011 and their response to long-term grazing. For many species the grazing response is more obvious when comparing intermediate years. Click on the plant name in this table to see a graph of the changes in abundance over time on each of the different treatments. |
|
Treatment |
|
| |
Ungrazed |
Light |
Moderate |
Heavy |
Extreme |
|
| Scientific Name - Common name |
1988 |
2011 |
1988 |
2011 |
1988 |
2011 |
1988 |
2011 |
1988 |
2011 |
Grazing Response |
| Poa pratensis L. - Kentucky bluegrass |
63.33 |
97.33 |
62.00 |
94.67 |
73.33 |
96.67 |
58.67 |
100.00 |
72.67 |
98.00 |
increase |
| Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. - buckbrush |
53.33 |
64.00 |
55.33 |
44.67 |
49.33 |
49.33 |
61.33 |
54.67 |
65.33 |
16.00 |
decrease |
| Bromus inermis Leyss. - smooth brome |
33.33 |
91.33 |
25.33 |
66.67 |
31.33 |
49.33 |
19.33 |
50.00 |
32.00 |
43.33 |
decrease |
| Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small var. humile (Porter) Nesom - stiff goldenrod |
32.00 |
34.67 |
40.67 |
54.67 |
28.00 |
74.67 |
9.33 |
92.67 |
12.67 |
47.33 |
increase-decrease |
| Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) Nesom var. ericoides - heath aster |
35.33 |
44.00 |
23.33 |
42.00 |
32.00 |
53.33 |
34.67 |
52.00 |
40.00 |
37.33 |
increase |
| Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. - cudweed sagewort |
34.00 |
38.00 |
22.67 |
27.33 |
22.00 |
38.67 |
23.33 |
48.00 |
39.33 |
30.00 |
increase |
| Carex obtusata Lilj. - obtuse sedge |
21.33 |
31.33 |
16.00 |
22.00 |
23.33 |
25.33 |
26.00 |
46.00 |
11.33 |
52.00 |
increase |
| Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. pauciflorus - stiff sunflower |
38.67 |
44.67 |
30.00 |
29.33 |
47.33 |
20.00 |
64.67 |
19.33 |
49.33 |
0.67 |
decrease |
| Achillea millefolium L. - western yarrow |
6.67 |
9.33 |
8.00 |
16.67 |
2.67 |
48.00 |
3.33 |
57.33 |
2.67 |
94.00 |
increase |
| Carex inops Bailey ssp. heliophila (Mackenzie) Crins - sun sedge |
46.67 |
16.67 |
30.67 |
11.33 |
34.00 |
17.33 |
30.67 |
26.00 |
63.33 |
86.67 |
increase |
| Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. - common dandelion |
0.00 |
27.33 |
0.00 |
39.33 |
0.00 |
73.33 |
0.00 |
91.33 |
0.00 |
98.67 |
increase |
| Elymus repens (L.) Gould - quackgrass |
20.67 |
22.00 |
18.67 |
40.00 |
10.00 |
33.33 |
10.67 |
38.00 |
14.00 |
50.67 |
|
| Ambrosia psilostachya DC. - western ragweed |
10.00 |
28.00 |
16.00 |
46.00 |
21.33 |
44.00 |
11.33 |
58.00 |
1.33 |
1.33 |
increase-decrease |
| Oxalis stricta L. - yellow wood sorrel |
0.00 |
7.33 |
0.00 |
4.00 |
0.00 |
46.00 |
0.00 |
68.67 |
0.00 |
86.00 |
increase |
| Andropogon gerardii Vitman - big bluestem |
10.00 |
1.33 |
41.33 |
10.00 |
38.00 |
38.00 |
17.33 |
24.67 |
5.33 |
0.67 |
|
| Galium boreale L. - northern bedstraw |
8.00 |
24.67 |
6.00 |
20.00 |
10.67 |
20.00 |
5.33 |
7.33 |
16.00 |
14.00 |
|
| Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve - western wheatgrass |
14.67 |
2.00 |
4.67 |
6.00 |
4.67 |
13.33 |
1.33 |
30.67 |
11.33 |
42.00 |
increase |
| Solidago canadensis L. - Canada goldenrod |
6.00 |
15.33 |
18.67 |
29.33 |
3.33 |
24.00 |
12.00 |
11.33 |
2.67 |
0.67 |
increase-decrease |
| Cerastium arvense L. - prairie chickweed |
0.00 |
3.33 |
0.00 |
11.33 |
0.00 |
19.33 |
0.00 |
22.67 |
0.00 |
66.67 |
increase |
| Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh - wild licorice |
12.00 |
17.33 |
12.67 |
24.00 |
4.67 |
0.67 |
8.67 |
3.33 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
increase-decrease |
| Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur - Flodman’s thistle |
4.67 |
20.67 |
1.33 |
12.67 |
8.67 |
17.33 |
8.67 |
10.00 |
3.33 |
16.67 |
|
| Rosa arkansana Porter - prairie rose |
8.67 |
22.67 |
7.33 |
11.33 |
10.00 |
12.67 |
13.33 |
2.67 |
26.00 |
3.33 |
decrease |
| Viola pedatifida G. Don - larkspur violet |
0.67 |
12.67 |
0.67 |
13.33 |
1.33 |
24.67 |
1.33 |
31.33 |
0.00 |
44.67 |
increase |
| Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dun. - curly-cup gumweed |
0.00 |
1.33 |
0.00 |
4.67 |
0.00 |
22.67 |
0.67 |
40.67 |
4.67 |
56.67 |
increase |
| Elymus caninus (L.) L. - slender wheatgrass |
12.00 |
0.67 |
10.00 |
5.33 |
10.67 |
10.00 |
21.33 |
8.67 |
12.67 |
11.33 |
increase |
| Nassella viridula (Trin.) Barkworth - green needlegrass |
3.33 |
0.67 |
13.33 |
5.33 |
3.33 |
2.67 |
8.67 |
6.67 |
9.33 |
16.00 |
increase |
| Solidago missouriensis Nutt. - Missouri goldenrod |
1.33 |
8.67 |
0.00 |
4.00 |
3.33 |
12.00 |
2.00 |
6.67 |
4.00 |
22.00 |
increase |
| Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. - ticklegrass |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
10.00 |
0.00 |
11.33 |
0.00 |
12.00 |
0.00 |
58.67 |
Increase |
| Androsace occidentalis Pursh - western rock jasmine |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
6.67 |
0.00 |
12.00 |
0.00 |
10.67 |
0.00 |
45.33 |
increase |
| Medicago lupulina L. - black medic |
0.00 |
10.67 |
0.00 |
1.33 |
0.00 |
13.33 |
0.00 |
28.67 |
0.00 |
45.33 |
invader |
| Astragalus agrestis Dougl. ex G. Don - field milk-vetch |
0.67 |
0.67 |
0.67 |
1.33 |
0.00 |
4.67 |
2.00 |
6.00 |
2.00 |
38.67 |
increase |
| Solidago mollis Bartl. - soft goldenrod |
2.67 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
7.33 |
6.00 |
6.67 |
0.67 |
1.33 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
increase-decrease |
| Carex lanuginosa Michx. - wooly sedge |
0.00 |
10.67 |
0.67 |
18.67 |
1.33 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
increase-decrease |
| Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers. - thyme-leaved spurge |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
10.67 |
0.00 |
42.67 |
increase |
| Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. - horse–weed |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.67 |
0.67 |
2.67 |
0.00 |
2.00 |
increase |
| Spartina pectinata Link - prairie cordgrass |
0.00 |
5.33 |
0.00 |
15.33 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.33 |
0.00 |
increase-decrease |
| Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P. - marsh muhly |
0.67 |
1.33 |
0.67 |
4.00 |
2.00 |
0.00 |
4.67 |
1.33 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
increase-decrease |
| Anemone cylindrica A. Gray - candle anemone |
0.00 |
2.67 |
0.00 |
8.00 |
0.00 |
12.00 |
0.00 |
6.67 |
0.00 |
3.33 |
increase-decrease |
| Carex praegracilis W. Boott. - clustered field sedge |
0.00 |
1.33 |
0.00 |
21.33 |
0.00 |
5.33 |
0.00 |
7.33 |
0.00 |
2.67 |
increase-decrease |
| Artemisia frigida Willd. - fringed sagewort |
6.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.67 |
0.67 |
0.67 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
8.00 |
increase |
| Juncus balticus Willd. - Baltic rush |
0.00 |
0.00 |
2.00 |
10.67 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
increase-decrease |
| Erigeron philadelphicus L. - Philadelphia fleabane |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
2.00 |
increase |
| Trifolium repens L. - white clover |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
46.00 |
invader |
| Penstemon gracilis Nutt. - slender beardtongue |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
14.00 |
increase |
| Campanula rotundifolia L. - harebell |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
increase-decrease |
| Sisyrinchium montanum Greene. - blue-eyed grass |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
3.33 |
0.00 |
2.00 |
0.00 |
2.00 |
increase-decrease |
| Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. - bushy knotweed |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.33 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
invader |
| Agrimonia striata Michx. - striate agrimony |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
2.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
increase-decrease |
| Erysimum inconspicuum (S. Wats.) MacM. - smallflower wallflower |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
increase |
| Packera plattensis (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve - prairie ragwort |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
increase-decrease |
| Draba nemorosa L. - yellow whitlowort |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
increase |
| Lithospermum incisum Lehm. - yellow puccoon |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
1.33 |
invader |
| Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. - peppergrass |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
invader |
| Sonchus arvensis L. - field sow thistle |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
decrease |
| Liatris ligulistylis (A. Nels.) K. Schum. - round-headed blazing star |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
decrease |
