Oakes
Field corn hybrid performance
trial
Field corn row width and population
study
Hard red spring wheat variety
trial
Onion hybrid performance trial
Onion weed control study: Adjuvants to micro-rate applications
Onion weed control study: Timing micro-rate application
Onion weed control:
Influence of tillage and herbicide
Corn population and row width study
Shank-Till Air Drill
vs Row Crop Planter in Corn
Strip-till corn on corn nitrogen
rate study
Strip-till corn on soybean
nitrogen rate study
Sugar beet tillage hybrid trial
Dryland
cropping sequence at Ayr, ND
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2008 annual
report
Go to the Oakes Irrigation
Research Site home page
Barley
Variety Trial
Irrigation allows producers to achieve yield goals which result in better
N utilization and improved quality in malting barley. With the use of intensive crop production
techniques (fungicide applications, split N applications, etc.) high yields of
high quality barley can be achieved.
The objective of this study
is to find barley varieties that are viable in irrigated cropping systems in
Southeastern, ND and to develop and demonstrate agronomic practices that
promote barley production.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Previous crop: |
2007 – soybean; 2006 – field corn; 2005 – carrot, onion and sweet corn. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Fall coulter chisel. Multiweed (field cultivate) April 16. |
|
Planting: |
Planted on April 17 with a Horsch Anderson plot drill. Planting rate was 3 bu/acre (1,500,000 seeds/acre). |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 74 ft long by 7.5 ft wide. There were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
Apply
11 lbs N/acre and 36 lbs P2O5/acre
as 10-34-0 at planting. Stream‑bar applied 60 lbs N/acre on May 15 and 40
lbs N/acre on May 30 as 32-0-0. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Apply Wolf Pak (1.35 pt/acre on May 21), apply
Headline (6 oz/acre) on May 30, Tilt (4 oz/acre on June 12) and Proline (5 oz/acre on June 24). |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested on August 1 with a Hege plot
combine. Harvest area was a five‑foot section from the middle of the plot 74
feet long. |
RESULTS
Four, six row malting barley varieties: Drummund, Lacey, Stellar-ND and Tradition have been tested for three years under irrigation at this site. Their medium short stature and strong to very strong straw strength resist lodging. When varieties are averaged from 2006-2008 there is only a 4 bu/ac difference between the highest and lowest yielding varieties. During this same period, plump kernels, thin kernels and grain protein have averaged 93.2, 1.1, and 11.2 percent, respectively. Pinnacle a two row variety was included in the 2008 trial. Pinnacle had significantly lower grain protein in than the other varieties. Although no significant lodging occurred in any of the varieties, Pinnacle would probably be more susceptible.
Return to Barley variety trial table
Go to beginning of material and methods
Dry
Edible Bean Variety Trials
Dry edible beans play a significant role
in irrigated rotations in Southeastern ND.
As universities and private companies develop new varieties it is
important to test them upon their release.
The more recent released, determinate upright short vine pinto varieties
that facilitate direct harvesting, need to be compared to the older more indeterminate
varieties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Maddock sandy loam; navy and miscellanous bean: soil-N 17 lb/acre; soil-P was very
high; soil-K was high; soil-S was medium; pinto bean: soil-N 34 lb/acre; soil-P and soil-K
were very high; soil-S was low. |
|
Previous crop: |
2007 - field corn; 2006 - field corn and
soybean; 2005 – carrot, pepper and field corn. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Fall
disk and coulter chisel. Work with
soil finisher on April 29. Multiweed (field cultivate) twice on May 27
to incorporate herbicide and smooth seed bed. |
|
Planting: |
Planted navy and miscellaneous bean on May
28 and pinto bean on May 29. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 17 ft long by 7.5 ft
(3 rows) wide. There were 4 reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April 22 broadcast 28 lbs N/acre, 44 lbs P2O5/acre,
55 lbs K2O/acre and 22 lbs S/acre as 10-16-20-8 to all beans.
Apply 50 lbs N/acre as urea on July 10 to pinto bean only. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler
irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Trust (1½
pt/acre) on May 27, Fusilade (8 oz/acre) on June 23, Raptor (4 oz/acre)
+ MSO (1.5 pt/acre) + AMS (2.5 lb/acre) + Basagran
(6 oz/acre) on June 26 for weed control.
Proline (5 oz/acre) on July 14, July 21 and
July 28 and Quadris (6.2 oz/acre) on July 21 and
July 28 for disease control. |
|
Harvest: |
Misc dry edible bean: Hand harvested on August 27 and September 10. Navy bean: Hand harvested on August 27 and September 11. Pinto bean: Hand harvested on August 26, August 27 and
September 8. Harvest area for all bean
varieties was: the center row (seventeen feet) all were bagged, dried and
threshed with a stationary plot thresher. |
Return to the Misc dry edible bean table
Return to the Pinto bean table
Go
to beginning of material and methods
Field Corn Hybrid Performance Trial
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Maddock sandy loam; soil-N 25 lbs/acre; soil-P and soil-K
were very high; soil-S was very low. |
|
Previous crops: |
2007 - soybean; 2006 – field corn; 2005 – onion and field
pea. |
|
Seedbed preparation: |
Fall coulter chisel. Work with soil
finisher once on May 6. |
|
Planting: |
Planted May 8 in 30-inch rows. Thinned to 30,000 plants/acre. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April 22 broadcast 28 lbs N/acre, 44 lbs P2O5/acre,
55 lbs K2O/acre and 22 lbs S/acre as 10-16-20-8. Stream bar
applied 60 lbs N/acre as 32-0-0 on May 15.
Knifed in 140 lbs of N/acre as 32-0-0 on June 16. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed |
|
Pest Control: |
Outlook (1 pt/acre) on May 19, Buctril (1¼ pt/acre) on
May 28, Buctril (0.75 pt/acre) + Atrazine (0.5
lb ai/acre) June 18 and hand weeding controlled
weeds. |
|
Harvested with a plot combine on November 12. Harvest area was two rows 17 feet long |
Return to the field corn hybrid performance trial table
Go to
beginning of material and methods
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2008 annual report
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site home page
Hard Red Spring Wheat Variety Trial
Many of the acres historically planted to hard red
spring wheat (HRSW) in Southeastern ND have been replaced by corn and
soybeans. Soybeans have been the
dominant crop to replace wheat in rotations.
The rapid and near universal acceptance of Roundup ready soybean
varieties has accelerated this decline in wheat acres. During this same time frame, a number of wet,
humid cropping seasons resulted in a significant reduction in wheat yields due
to disease, especially head scab.
Whereas wheat yields in ND seemed to have reached a plateau, corn and
soybean yields were increasing. Despite
this scenario, several researchers and producers using intensive management in
wheat are having different results. In
intensive management, all areas of production from plant population, seeding
depth, fungicide applications, nitrogen rate, time of application, weed
control, etc, are closely monitored.
Healthy wheat plants that lodge less result in higher yields and grain
protein content.
The
objective of this trial was to test HRSW varieties for yield and other agronomic
parameters grown with intensive management in an irrigated environment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Maddock sandy loam; soil N-25 lb/acre;
soil-P and soil-K were very high and soil-S was very low. |
|
Previous crop: |
2007 - soybean; 2006 - field corn; 2005 - cabbage, carrot and onion. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Fall coulter chisel. Multiweed (field cultivate) April 16. |
|
Planting: |
Planted on April 17 with a Horsch Anderson plot drill. Planting rate was 1.7 bu/acre
(1,500,000 seeds/acre). |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 74 ft long by 7.5 ft wide. There were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
Apply
11 lbs N/acre and 36 lbs P2O5/acre
as 10-34-0 at planting. Stream‑bar applied 60 lbs N/acre on May 15 and 40 lbs
N/acre on May 30 as 32-0-0. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Apply Wolf Pak (1.35 pt/acre) on May 21,
Axial (8.2 oz/acre) + Adigor (9.6 oz/acre)
(east half only) on June 3. Apply
Headline (6 oz/acre) on May 30, Tilt (4 oz/acre) on June 12 and Proline (2 oz/acre) on June 25, June 26. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested on August 6 with a Hege plot
combine. Harvest area was a five-foot
section from the middle of the plot 74 feet long. |
RESULTS
Yield, test weight, grain protein, plant height and maturity were significantly different among varieties. Yields were 82.3 bu/ac in 2008 compared to the two year average of 70.0 bu/ac. Although Glenn was the lowest yielding variety in 2008, it had the highest grain protein and test.
Return to the Hard red spring wheat variety trial table
Go to beginning of material and methods
Go to beginning of material and methods
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2008 annual report
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site home page
Onion Hybrid Performance Trial
Onions have done
well under irrigation in ND. Onions are predominately
yellow sweet Spanish. Some red onions
are also produced. This study tested 25
sweet Spanish and 2 red hybrids.
|
Soil: |
Maddock sandy loam and Hecla sandy loam; soil N-37 lbs/acre;
soil-P and soil-K were very high, and soil-S was very low. |
|
Previous crops: |
2007 – wheat; 2006 – field corn and sugar beet; 2005 -
field corn and watermelon. |
|
Seedbed preparation: |
Strip-tilled
in November of 2007 utilizing a narrow shark toothed residue manager with an
anhydrous point on the shank and 13-inch fluted closing coulters. This configuation,
with minimal angle (less aggressive) on the coulters, tilled a 6-inch non-bermed band in the
soil. Reformed on April 23 as above
because soil hardened over winter. |
|
Planting: |
Direct seeded onions (285,000 seeds/acre) on April 28
with a Monosem precision planter.
Planted onions with 2 lines per row, 2.5 inches between lines, with
the rows on 16-inch centers. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 3 ft (two rows) wide by 17 ft long. The study had 4 reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
During
strip-till operation in the fall applied 11 lbs N/acre and 38 lbs P2O5
as 10-34-0. Stream-bar applied 30 lbs
N/acre as 32-0-0 on June 4, June 16, June 25, July 1 and July 10. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Weeds
were controlled using Fusilade (12 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) on
May 21; Goaltender (4 oz/acre) on May 28 and June
4; Fusilade (8 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) on June 23, Buctril (1
pt/acre) + Goal 2XL (4 oz/acre) on June 24, Select (8 oz/acre) +
COC (1.0% v/v) on July 1, and hand weeding. Quadris (8
oz/acre) on July 22 and August 7, Pyraclostrobin
(12 oz/acre) on July 31 disease
control. |
|
Harvest: |
Onions were pulled on September 12 to September 23 and
were dried. Onions were graded October
20 to November 14. |
RESULTS
Sedona,
Delgado, and Crocket averaged, 724, 724, and 684 cwt/ac, respectively, from 2007-2008. Delgado, Sedona, and Crocket averaged, 456,
412, and 384 cwt/ac in the 3-4 inch size from 2007-2008. The two red hybrids, Red Wing and Red bull
yielded 708 and 614 cwt/ac. in 2008.
Return to onion hybrid variety performance trial table
Go to beginning of material and methods
Sugarbeet Hybrid-Tillage Study
Sugarbeet stand establishment can be a
difficult proposition. Generally, dryland beets are planted into a well worked, firm, level
seedbed to maintain accurate depth control and seed spacing into moist
soil. This results in a very smooth
surface that is susceptible to wind erosion.
The emerging plants and seedlings are easily cut off by blowing
soil. Wind can cause the young seedlings
to spin out of the ground, called helicoptering. In either event, replanting is required. The replanting is not only expensive but
results in lost growing time which is important to maximize yield. Strip-till is a procedure used by producers
to protect the plants from wind. Narrow
black strips that match the row width of the planter are made in the fall on
previous small grain or other suitable crop stubble. The strips are made with a knife that works
and lifts the soil. Berm
builders, coulters that contain the soil coming off the knife make a berm. Some
strip-till machines used angled fluted coulters to till the strip and form a berm. The width of
the black strips vary with the machine used but typically are about 6 inches
wide. The planter units plant on the
tilled black strips from the previous fall.
The un-worked stubble in-between the strips acts as a wind buffer to
protect the seedlings from wind damage.
The
objectives of this study are determine if viable sugarbeet
stands can be established in strip-till zones and how beet yields compare
between the conventional and strip-till.
Another objective is to show the advantages of irrigation to keep the
small shallow seeds moist during germination and seedling growth.
|
Soil: |
Embden sandy loam and Heacla sandy loam; soil N-47 lbs/acre; soil-P and soil-K
was very high; soil-S was low. |
|
Previous crop: |
2007 – barley; 2006 – onion;
2005 – field corn. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Strip-till: Strip-tilled April 18 utilizing a narrow shark toothed residue manager with an anhydrous point on the shank and 13-inch fluted closing coulters. This configuation, with minimal angle (less aggressive) on the coulters, tilled a 6-inch non-bermed band in the soil. Conventional: Rototilled May 5. |
|
Planting: |
Planted on May 5 in 22-inch
rows at 120,000 seeds per acre and were later thinned to 47,500 plants per
acre. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 17 ft long by 7⅓
ft (4 rows) wide.with a 2⅔ ft tilled border
between plots There were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
At tillage applied 12 lbs
N/acre and 40 lbs P2O5/acre as 10-34-0. Stream‑bar
applied 90 lbs N/acre on June 16 and 30 lbs N/acre on July 10 as 32-0-0. This practice would not be recommended
under field conditions as severe leaf burn could occur. We were able to limit leaf burn by
irrigating immediately after N application. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation
as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Weeds were controlled with Upbeet (½ oz/acre) + Betamix (¾
pt/acre) + NIS (0.25%v/v) on May 20, Upbeet (½
oz/acre) + Betamix (1.5 pt/acre) on May 28, Nortron (4 oz/acre) + Betamix
(1.5 pt/acre) on June 4, Nortron (4 oz/acre) + Betamix (2 pt/acre) on June 24, Select 2E (8 oz/acre) +
COC (1.0% v/v) on July 1 and by hand weeding.
For disease control; Eminent (13 oz/acre) on July 18 and August 15 and
Headline (12 oz/acre) on July 31. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested on October 16. Harvest area was 17 feet of the center two
rows. The beets were mechanically
topped and lifted, then hand picked, counted, and weighed. A sample from each plot was taken for
analysis. |
RESULTS
Yield between strip-till and conventional tillage wasn’t significantly different. Established populations for conventional tillage and strip-till were 45,540 and 42,454 plant/ac, respectively. This population difference was not significant. Sugar % and recoverable sugar lb/ton were significantly higher in conventional tillage.
Return to the sugar beet hybrid-tillage study table
Go to beginning of material
and methods
Go to the Oakes Irrigation
Research Site 2008 annual report
Go to the Oakes Irrigation
Research Site home page
Soybean Variety Trial
Soybeans are a major dryland crop in Central and Southeastern ND. Historically dry edible beans have pre-empted soybeans in irrigation rotations in this area of the state. The present market price for soybeans and less risk in their production have resulted in more irrigated acres. This trial was initiated to provide producers with yield and agronomic information on soybean varieties in an irrigated environment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Maddock sandy loam and Egeland loam; soil N-34 lbs/acre; soil-P and soil‑K were very high and soil-S was low. |
|
Previous crop: |
2007 ‑ field corn; 2006 –
field corn; 2005 – carrot and hairy vetch. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Flailed, disked and coulter chiseled in the fall; work
with soil finisher once on May 15. |
|
Planting: |
Planted soybeans on May 21 in
30-inch rows. All beans were
inoculated just prior to planting. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 17 ft long by 5 ft
(2 rows) wide. There were 4 reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April 22 broadcast 28 lbs N/acre, 44 lbs P2O5/acre,
55 lbs K2O/acre and 22 lbs S/acre as 10-16-20-8. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler
irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Buccaneer Plus (32 oz/acre) + NIS (0.05%v/v) + AMS +
(1 lb/10 gal) on June 5, Fusilade
(8 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) on June 23 and Cornerstone Plus (40
oz/acre) + AMS (1 lb/10 gal) on June 27 for weed control. Proline (5
oz/acre) on July 14, July 21 and July 28 for disease control. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested all studies on
October 16 with a plot combine. |
RESULTS
Grain yield, plant lodging, seed oil and protein % and test weight were significantly affected by variety. Yields were 9 bu/ac less than 2007. Interestingly three group 00 maturity soybeans averaged 50.6 bu/ac compared to the overall mean of 58.4. These early varieties for this location flowered on July 4 and reached maturity on September 9. This period was 5 days less then the mean for all varieties. Under irrigation, these early varieties were able to fill in 30-inch rows early enough to allow more photosynthesis than one would expect.
Return to the
soybean variety trial table
Go to beginning of material
and methods
Soybean Breeding Nursery
Ted
Helms, NDSU Department of Plant Sciences
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Embden loam Gardena loam and Maddock
sandy loam; soil-N 28 lbs/acre, soil P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was
low. |
|
Previous crop: |
Conventional and early roundup ready: 2007 – cabbage, carrot, onion
and winter wheat; 2006 – barley, soybean and wheat; 2005 - cabbage. Roundup ready: 2007 - field
corn; 2006 – field corn; 2005 – hairy vetch and onion. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Conventional
and early roundup ready: Work once
with soil finisher on May 12. Roundup ready: Flailed,
disked and coulter chiseled in the fall; work with soil finisher once on May
15 |
|
Planting: |
Planted early roundup ready
soybeans on May 16, conventional soybeans and roundup ready soybeans on May
19 in 30-inch rows. All beans were inoculated
just prior to planting. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 17 ft long by 5 ft
(2 rows) wide. There were two reps of
the early roundup ready soybeans and three reps for conventional and roundup
ready soybeans. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April 22 broadcast 28 lbs N/acre, 44 lbs P2O5/acre,
55 lbs K2O/acre and 22 lbs S/acre as 10-16-20-8. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler
irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Apply Valor (2.5 oz/acre) on
May 19 to the conventional and early roundup ready soybean. Apply Raptor (5 oz/acre) + NIS
(0.5% v/v) on June 21 and Select (8 oz/acre) on July 1 to the
conventional soybean for weed control. Apply Buccaneer Plus (32
oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) + AMS ( 1 lb/10 gal) on June 7 and Cornerstone
Plus (40 oz/acre) + AMS (1 lb/10 gal) on June 27 to all roundup ready
soybeans for weed control Apply Fusilade
(8 oz/acre) on June 23 for weed control and Proline
(5 oz/acre) on July 14, July 21 and July 28 for disease control to all
soybeans. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested on September 27 with
a Hege plot combine. |
Return to Roundup Ready SCN-resistant experimental soybean line nursery
Return to Roundup Ready experimental soybean line nursery
Return to Conventional SCN-resistant experimental soybean line nursery
Go
to beginning of material and methods
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2008 annual report
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site home page
|
Soil: |
Embden sandy loam,
Hecla sandy loam and Maddock sandy loam; soil-N 42 lbs/acre; soil-P and
soil-K were very high and soil-S was very low. |
|
Previous crops: |
2007 – barley and
wheat; 2006 – sugarbeet; 2005 – field corn. |
|
Seedbed preparation: |
Conventional tillage
was rototilled at a right angle to the
strip-tillage April 22. Strip-tilled in November of 2007 utilizing a
narrow shark toothed residue manager with an anhydrous point on the shank and
13-inch fluted closing coulters. This
configuration, with minimal angle (less aggressive) on the coulters, tilled a
6-inch non-bermed band in the soil. Reformed on April 23 as above because soil
hardened over winter. |
|
Planting: |
Direct seeded onions
(Teton @ 285,000 seeds/acre) on April 23 with a Monosem precision
planter. Planted onions with 2 lines
per row, 2.5 inches between lines, with the rows on 16-inch centers. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 6 ft
(four rows) wide by 17 ft long. The
study had 4 reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
During strip-till operation in the fall
applied 11 lbs N/acre and 38 lbs P2O5 as 10-34-0. Stream-bar applied 30 lbs N/acre as 32-0-0
on June 4, June 16, June 25, July 1 and July 10. |
|
Irrigation: |
Sprinkler irrigation
as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Apply Fusilade (12 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v)
on May 21; Fusilade (8 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5%
v/v) on June 23, Buctril (1 pt/acre)+ Goal 2EC; (8
oz/acre) on June 24, Select (8
oz/acre) + COC (1.0% v/v) on July 1 and Buctril (1.5 pt/acre)+ Goal 2EC;
(8 oz/acre) on July 1 for weed control.
Quadris (8 oz/acre) on July 22 and August 7,
Pyraclostrobin (12 oz/acre) on July 31 disease control. See the section Herbicide application dates adjuvants or micro-rates for more detailed weed control treatments. |
|
Harvest: |
Hand harvested
September 24. Harvest area was 5
ft from the middle two rows of each plot were harvested. |
Return to the onion
weed control micro-rate adjuvant table
Return to onion weed
control micro-rate timing table
Go to beginning of material
and methods
Influence of Tillage and Herbicides in Onion Field Data (Year 2)
Sarah Gegner, Harlene Hatterman-Valenti, Walt Albus, and Collin Auwarter
North Dakota State University and Oakes Irrigation Research Site
|
Soil: |
Hecla sandy loam and Maddock sandy loam; soil N-37
lbs/acre; soil-P and soil-K were very high and soil-S was very low. |
|
Previous crops: |
2007 – wheat; 2006 – sugarbeet;
2005 – field corn. |
|
Seedbed preparation: |
Conventional tillage was worked with a rototiller about six inches deep in November 2007. Rototilled April
23. Strip-tilled
in November of 2007 utilizing a narrow shark toothed residue manager with an
anhydrous point on the shank and 13-inch fluted closing coulters. This configuation,
with minimal angle (less aggressive) on the coulters, tilled a 6-inch non-bermed band in the
soil. Reformed on April 23 as above
because soil hardened over winter. |
|
Planting: |
Direct seeded onions (Teton @ 285,000 seeds/acre) on
April 23 with a Monosem precision planter.
Planted onions with 2 lines per row, 2.5 inches between lines, with
the rows on 16-inch centers. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 6 ft (four rows) wide by 17 ft long. The study had 4 reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
During
strip-till operation in the fall applied 11 lbs N/acre and 38 lbs P2O5
as 10‑34-0. Stream-bar applied
30 lbs N/acre as 32-0-0 on June 4, June 16, June 25, July 1 and July 10. |
|
Irrigation: |
Sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Apply
Fusilade (12 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) on May 21; Fusilade
(8 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) on June 23, Buctril (1
pt/acre) + Goal 2EC; (8 oz/acre) on
June 24, Select (8 oz/acre) + COC
(1.0% v/v) on July 1 and Buctril (1.5 pt/acre)+ Goal 2EC; (8 oz/acre) on July
1 for weed control. Quadris (8 oz/acre) on July 22 and August 7, Pyraclostrobin (12 oz/acre) on July 31 disease control. See herbicides applied
for more detailed weed control treatments. |
|
Harvest: |
Hand harvested September 24. Harvest area was 10 ft section from
the middle two rows. |
Return to Influence of tillage and herbicide in onion
Go to beginning of material and methods
Corn Population and Row Width Study
Row width studies in the
Northern Corn Belt have demonstrated increasing yields as row widths are
narrowed, especially in high yield environments. There has also been interest in corn grown in
paired rows on 30-inch centers. The
paired rows reduce inter-row plant competition while allowing harvest with
30-inch row corn heads. This study was
conducted to determine the response of corn grown in 15-inch, 30-inch and
paired rows 8-inches apart (10-inches apart in 2006) on 30-inch centers at
plant populations of 25,000, 30,000 and 35,000 plants/acre. Surprisingly in 2006 and 2007, corn yield was
the same in 15-inch rows or paired rows on 30-inch as corn in single 30-inch
rows. Corn yields were maximized at 230 bu/ac at 30,000 plants/ac in 2006 and at 226 bu/ac at 35,000 plants/ac in 2007.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Embdem sandy loam, Hecla sandy loam and Maddock
sandy loam. soil-N 29 lbs/acre; soil-P
was very high; soil-K was high; and soil-S was very low. |
|
Previous crop: |
2007 – edible bean; 2006 - soybean; 2005 –
field corn. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Work with soil finisher once on May 5. |
|
Planting: |
Planted on May 9 in 30-inch, 30-inch paired
(2 rows 8-inches apart on 30‑inch centers) and 15-inch row spacing. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 17 ft long by 10 ft wide. Plots with 30-inch row spacing had
4 rows; 30-paired (30pr) had 4 paired rows; plots with 15-inch spacing
had 8 rows. Corn was planted at 30K, 37K
and 44K per acre and thinned to 25K, 30K and 35K per acre on June 4. There were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April 21 broadcast 28 lbs N/acre, 44 lbs P2O5/acre,
55 lbs K2O/acre and 22 lbs S/acre as 10-16-20-8. Applied 60 lbs N/acre as 32-0-0 on May 15. Broadcast 100 lbs N/acre as urea on June
18. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Apply Lumax (3
pt/acre) + Buccaneer Plus (32 oz/acre) + NIS ((0.5% v/v) + AMS (9.5 lb/100
gal) on May 31. |
|
Harvest: |
Hand harvested on October 31. Harvest area was a 10 foot by 5 foot
section from each plot (two rows from the 30-inch row plots, two paired rows
from the 30-inched paired row plots and four rows from the 15-inch row plots). |
RESULTS
Dekalb DKC 47-10 and Pioneer 38H65 were planted in a split, split plot arrangement with hybrid as main plots, row width as split plots and population as split, split plots. Row width had no significant effect on yield or other parameters tested. This is the third year (2006-2008) in which corn row width has not statistically affected yield. This is surprising and contrary to past data. Corn grown in 20-inch rows had a 12 bu/acre yield advantage over corn in 30-inch rows at this same site when studies from 1977-78 and 1980-82 are averaged.
Test weight increased with increasing population. Yield was increased from 197 bu/acre at 25,000
plants/acre to 226 bu/acre at 35,000
plants/acre. Ears were 2 inches higher when the population exceeded
25,000plants/ac. There was a significant
interaction between hybrid and population for test weight, plants/ac and
ears/plant and a significant interaction among hybrid, row width and population
for test weight. Plots were thinned to populations
of 25,000, 30,000 and 35,000 plants/ac.
Stalk counts from the 5 foot by 10 foot harvest samples averaged about
3,500 plants/ac more than the stand counts taken at thinning.
Return to corn population row width study table
Go to beginning of material and methods
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2008 annual report
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site home page
Corn grain production has made amazing
increases in both yield and number of acres planted ND in the past 11
years. Figure 1 shows the corn acres
planted and total bushels harvested in ND from 1997-2008. We are currently planting about 2.5 million
acres of corn and producing about 280 million bushels annually. The current 2008 estimate of 285 million
bushels of corn produced in ND includes about 20 million bushels to be
harvested in the spring of 2009.
It is estimated that if all ethanol and high
fructose corn sweetener plants in the State were operating and the Williston
and Scranton plants came on line they would use about 225 million bushels of
corn annually Although corn for several
of these plants comes from out of State, corn acres must increase in ND to meet
future demand. Increasing corn acres in
Southeastern ND will require more continuous corn in crop rotations. Conventional grown continuous corn requires
extensive tillage with high fuel use.
Continuous corn requires about 40 lb more N/acre than corn grown on
soybean ground. Fuel and fertilizer
prices have increased dramatically with higher energy costs.
It is the objectives of this study to grow
continuous corn in a strip-till system that eliminates full width tillage and
to find efficient nitrogen rates.
We would like to thank Pioneer
Hi-Bred International and Pro Ag Supply Inc of Aberdeen, SD for their
support.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Embden sandy loam and Helca sandy loam;
soil-P and soil-K was high; soil-S was medium. |
|
Previous crop: |
2007 - field corn; 2006 - field corn; 2005
- soybean. |
|
Seedbed preparation: |
Strip-tilled on November 14, 2007, with a
shank machine with leading coulters, mole knives and closing disks. |
|
Planting: |
Planted on May 1 in 30-inch rows @ 33,000
seeds/acre. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 140 ft long by 20 ft (8 rows)
wide. There were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
On November 14, 2007, during strip-till
operation, banded 12 lbs N/acre and 42 lbs P2O5 as
10-34-0. On May 15 applied 38 lbs
N/acre as 32-0-0 on all plots except the zero N-rate plots. On June 17 applied N as 32-0-0 in
50 lb/acre increments for a total of 100, 150 and 200 lbs total N/acre
on the respective N-rate treatments (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 lbs N/acre). |
|
Irrigation: |
Hand move sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Lumax (3 pt/acre) + Buccaneer Plus (32 oz/acre)
+ NIS (0.5% v/v) + AMS (10 lbs/100 gal) on May 31, Cornerstone Plus (40
oz/acre) + AMS (10 lbs/100 gal) on June 18. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested on November 3 with a JD 4400
combine. Harvest area was the middle
four rows of each plot 137 feet long. |
RESULTS
Increasing
N rates increased grain yield, grain moisture, chlorophyll meter readings on
all dates, and grain protein. Grain
starch decreased with increasing N rates.
Remote sensing on August 7, did an excellent job of predicting corn N
status. Green reflectivity in plots from
aerial digital photography was inversely related to N rate. The lower the reflectivity, the greener the
corn tissue. Corn seedling growth has been
suppressed in the higher N rate treatments from an excessive build up of plant
residue in second and third year corn (2007-2008). Even with
fall strip-till and planter mounted row cleaners, plant residue is falling back
into the rows and reducing soil temperatures.
This large amount of residue in the higher N treatments is also
immobilizing the broadcast pre-emerge N application causing N deficiencies
before the side-dress application. For
2009 our strip-till operation will be very aggressive. We will strip-till to an 8-inch depth and set
fluted closing coulters to make a 12-inch wide black strip to plant corn in.
Also pre-emerge fertilizer N will be banded over the row in a 10-inch or less
width.
Return to strip-till corn on corn nitrogen rate table
Go to beginning of material and methods
Strip-Till, Corn on Soybean, Nitrogen Rate Study
|
Soil: |
Embden sandy
loam, Hecla sandy loam and Maddockl sandy loam; soil‑P and soil-K was very high; soil-S was very
low. |
|
Previous crop: |
2007 –
soybean; 2006 – field corn; 2005 – pumpkin and watermelon. |
|
Seedbed
Preparation: |
Strip-tilled on November 16,
2007, with a shank machine with leading coulters, row cleaners, anhydrous
knives and closing disks |
|
Planting: |
Planted
Midwest 69575 BT3 on April 30 @ 33,000 plants per acre in 30 inch rows. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 36
ft long by 15 ft (6 rows) wide. There
were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
November 2007, During the strip-till
operation applied 10 lbs N/acre and 35 lbs P2O5/acre as
10-34-0. May 15 applied 40 lbs N/acre as 32‑0-0
to all plots except the zero N-rate plots.
June 18 applied N as 32-0-0 in 50 lb/acre increments for a total of 100, 150
and 200 lbs total N/acre on the respective N-rate treatments (0, 50, 100, 150
and 200 lbs N/acre). Apply MZB
micronutrient (1 qt/acre) on June 24. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead
sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Applied
Buccaneer Plus (40 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) + AMS (8.5 lb/50 gal)
on May 12, Lumax (3 pt/acre) + Buccaneer Plus (32
oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) + AMS (9.5 lbs/100 gal) on May 31. |
|
Harvest: |
Hand harvested
October 27. A ten-foot section from
the two center rows from each plot (twenty feet of total row). |
All
plots except the low N checks received a broadcast application of UAN (32-0-0)
at a rate to provide 50 lb N/ac shortly after planting. It’s apparent in our no-till studies on
irrigated sandy soils that this placemen maybe biasing our results to the
higher rates. We believe this broadcast
N is being tied up in the heavy no-till residue resulting in young corn plants
becoming N stressed prior to the side-dress application. The higher concentrations of ammonium and
nitrate-N at higher rates of side-dressed UAN, allowed a faster recovery,
resulting in higher yields. Under this
scenario, N rates required to produce optimum yield may be higher than if the
fertilizer N was properly placed at planting.
To eliminate this potential bias in subsequent years, we will place our
pre-emerge N treatment in a band 10 inches or less over the seed row on black
soil created by the previous fall’s strip-till operation. Planter row cleaners will remove remaining
residue. In studies with conventional
tillage at this Site, 150 lb N/ac has been more than enough to maximize yield
on corn planted on soybean ground
Return to strip-till corn on soybean nitrogen rate table
Go to beginning
of material and methods
Strip-Till Soybean
on Corn
|
Soil: |
Embden loam, Embden sandy loam,
Gardena loam and Maddock sandy loam;
soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was high. |
|
Previous crop: |
2007 – field corn; 2006 – pinto
bean and soybean; 2005 – broccoli, cabbage and pumpkin. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Strip-tilled on November 16, 2007, with a
shank machine with leading coulters, row cleaners, anhydrous knives and
closing disks |
|
Planting: |
Planted Croplan
1077 treated with Celltech inoculant
on May 8 @ 174,000 plants per acre in 30 inch rows. |
|
Plots: |
Plots were 37 ft long by 15 ft
(6 rows) wide. There were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
November 2007, During the strip-till operation applied 10
lbs N/acre and 35 lbs P2O5/acre as 10-34-0. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation
as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Apply Valor (2.5 oz/acre) on
May 12, Buccaneer Plus (40 oz/acre) + Resource (6 oz/acre) + + NIS (0.5% v/v) +
AMS (10 lb/100 gal) on June 10, Buccaneer Plus (32 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v)
+ AMS (10 lbs/100 gal) on June 16 and Cornerstone Plus (32 oz/acre) +
AMS (10 lb/100 gal) on July 9. |
|
Harvest: |
On October 1, All the soybeans
were harvested including the borders with a M2 Gleaner combine using a 18 ft love-bar. |
RESULTS
This study is the soybean component
of the corn-soybean strip-till rotation.
Corn is rotated to this site every other year and N rates tested. The
objective of this study is to find the response of soybean to no-till planting
on strip-tilled corn ground. The entire
plot area (0.36 acres) averaged 50.4 bu/ac at
13.0 % moisture. Grain contained 34.2
and 18.6 percent protein and oil, respectively.
Go to beginning of material
and methods
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2008 annual report
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site home page
Shank-Till
Air Drill vs Row Crop Planter in Soybean
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Embden loam and Gardena loam;
soil-N 29, soil-P was very high, soil-K was high, soil-S was low. |
|
Previous crop: |
2007 – onion and winter wheat;
2006 – wheat; 2005 – cabbage. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Disk fall of 2007.
Work once with soil
finisher on May 12. |
|
Planting: |
Planted Croplan
1077 treated with Celltech inoculant
Horsch Anderson (180,000/acre) on May 15 and with
Monosem (174,000/acre) on May 16. |
|
Plots: |
Horsch Anderson plots were 17 ft long
by 7.5 ft wide with 3 rows (3 paired 30 inch with a 15 inch paired next to
the south row) Monosem planted plots were 17 ft long by 10 ft with four 30
inch rows. There were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April 22 broadcast 28 lbs N/acre, 44 lbs P2O5/acre,
55 lbs K2O/acre and 22 lbs S/acre as 10-16-20-8. Applied 12
lbs N/acre and 40 lbs P2O5/acre as 10-34 on May 15. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler
irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Apply Valor
(2.5 oz/acre) on May 19, Buccaneer Plus (32 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v)
+ AMS (1 lb/10 gal) on June 7, Cornerstone Plus (32 oz/acre) + AMS (1 lb/10
gal) on July 9; for weed control. Proline (5 oz/acre) July 14, July 21 and July 28 for
disease control. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested on October 3 with a
Hege plot combine. Harvest area one
center row or center paired row 17 foot long. |
Go to
beginning of material and methods
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2008 annual report
Go to the Oakes Irrigation Research Site home page
Shank-Till Air Drill vs Row Crop Planter in Corn
Large shank-till air drills with seed and fertilizer
hoppers that hold several hundred bushels of product have allowed producers to
plant well over 40 acres/hr, placing all the seed and fertilizer in a one pass
no-till system. Historically these
producers were required to own a large row crop planter to achieve proper seed singulation for corn planting. Presently, a few thousand acres of corn have
been planted with air drills planting 7-inch paired rows on 30 centers with
some success. It is the objective of
this study to compare corn planted in 30-inch rows with a row crop
planter(Monosem) to corn planted in 7-inch paired rows on 30-inch centers with
a shank-till air drill (Horsch-Anderson). Both systems allow harvesting with
conventional 30‑inch corn heads.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Maddock sandy loam; soil-N 25,
soil-P and soil-K was very high, soil-S was very low. |
|
Previous crop: |
2007 – soybean; 2006 – field
corn; 2005 – field pea and potato. |
|
Seedbed Preparation: |
Fall coulter chisel. Work with soil
finisher once on May 15. |
|
Planting: |
Planted Pioneer 38H65 Horsch Anderson (33,000/acre) and with Monosem
(33,000/acre) on May 16. |
|
Plots: |
Horsch Anderson plots were 17 ft long
by 7.5 ft wide with 3 rows (3 paired 30 inch with a 15 inch paired next to
the south row) Monosem planted plots were 17 ft long by 10 ft with four 30
inch rows. There were four reps. |
|
Fertilizer: |
April 21 broadcast 28 lbs N/acre, 44 lbs P2O5/acre,
55 lbs K2O/acre and 22 lbs S/acre as 10-16-20-8. Horsch Anderson
plots also received 12 lbs N/acre and
40 lbs P2O5/acre as 10-34-0 at planting. Stream-bar 60 lbs N/acre as 32-0-0 on May
16. Side dressed 140 lbs N/acre as
32-0-0 on June 17. |
|
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler
irrigation as needed. |
|
Pest control: |
Buccaneer Plus (32 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) + AMS (1
lb/10 gal) on June 7, Cornerstone Plus (40 oz/acre) + AMS (1 lb/10 gal)
on June 27 and hand weeding for weed control. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested on November 12 with a
Hege plot combine. Harvest area one
center row or center paired row 17 foot long. |
RESULTS
Corn grain yields were higher with
the row crop planter and standard deviations (STDEV) were lower than the
shank-till drill. Figures 1 and 3
suggest that higher yields with the row crop planter were due to its ability to
provide a very low STDEV of 1.96 compared to 5.95 for the shank-till
drill. As STDEV’s increased the row crop
planter produced yields of about 210 bu/ac at a STDEV
of about 2.5, compared to a similar yield with the shank-till air drill at a
STDEV of 3.5. Standard deviations from
four producers including 10 fields (40 measurements), averaged 2.30 at Oakes,
ND in 2006. When the STDEV of the row
crop planter reached 2.3 there was a relatively small yield difference between
the two planters.
Go to Shank-Till Air Drill vs Row
Crop Planter in Corn table and figures
Go to
beginning of material and methods
Optimum Corn Stover Removal for Biofuels
and the Environment
The 2007 US energy bill calls for 36 billion
gallons of ethanol to be produced by 2020.
In 2007 the US produced 6.5 billion gallons of ethanol. A large expansion in ethanol production was
predicted in 2008 with expansion of existing plants and new plants coming on
line. Estimates were as high as 13.3
billion gallons. A financial crisis in the
ethanol industry put many projects on hold and also caused some plants to close,
resulting in a production of 9.2 billion gallons.
If corn grain was able to supply 15 billion
gallons of ethanol, 21 billion gallons ethanol would have to come from
cellulosic material (biomass) to meet the 2020 mandate. The production of 21
billion gallons of cellulosic ethanol will require 350 million tons of dry
biomass. Presently, perennial grasses
and corn stover are the most available.
About 194 million ton/ac of biomass are produced in US production
agriculture annually, with 75 million tons coming from corn stover.
Before we commit ourselves to using corn stover for fuel we need to study the environmental and
economics consequences of this action.
What effect will stover removal have on soil
organic matter, soil erosion and ultimately sustainability of the land
resource.
The objective of this study is to determine
what rates of stover removal within different
cropping systems are conducive to maintaining and possibly improving the
productive capacity of the land will providing this Country with a renewable
energy source.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Embden sandy loam, Hecla sandy loam and Maddock sandy
loam; Block 1: soil-N 16
lbs/acre; soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was very low. Block 2: soil-N 14
lbs/acre; soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was low. Block 3: soil-N 14
lbs/acre; soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was low. |
|
|
Previous crops: |
Block 1: 2007 –
field corn; 2006 – soybean; 2005 – sweetcorn. Block 2: 2007 –
field corn; 2006 – soybean and edible bean; 2005 – sweetcorn. Block 3: 2007 –
onion; 2006 – sunflower and edible bean; 2005 – sweetcorn. |
|
|
Seedbed preparation: |
No-tilled with Monosem using shark tooth
residue manager. |
|
|
Planting: |
Block 1: Planted Dekalb 43-27 May 14 in 30-inch rows @ 33,000 seeds/acre. Block 2: Planted Croplan 1077 May 9 in 30-inch rows @ 174,000 seeds/acre. Block 3: Planted Dekalb 43-27 May 16 in 30-inch rows @ 33,000 seeds/acre. |
|
|
Fertilizer: |
April 22 broadcast 28 lbs N/acre, 44 lbs P2O5/acre,
55 lbs K2O/acre and 22 lbs S/acre as 10-16-20-8 to all
Blocks. Stream bar applied 100 lbs
N/acre as 32-0-0 on May 15 to Block 1.
Stream-bar apply 60 lbs N/acre as 32-0-0 on May 16 to Block 3. Knifed in 80 lbs of N/acre as 32-0-0 on
June 17 to Blocks 1 and 3. |
|
|
Irrigation: |
Hand move sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
|
|
Pest Control: |
Apply Buccaneer Plus (40 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) + AMS
(8.5 lb/50 gal) on May 12 to entire study; Lumax (3
pt/acre) + Buccaneer Plus (32 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) + AMS (1 lb/10 gal)
on May 31; Cornerstone Plus (40 oz/acre) + AMS (1 lb/10 gal) on June 18
to Blocks 1 and 3; Valor (2.5 oz/acre)
on May 12, Cornstone Plus (32 oz/acre) + AMS (1
lb/10 gal) on July 14 and Proline (5 oz/acre)
on July 14 to Block 2. |
|
|
All corn residue from 2007 was removed from the plots in
the fall. Corn residue was spread on
the plots at rates of 100, 200 and 300 lbs (66, 33 and 0 percent removal) per
acre in Block one on May 14 prior to planting. |
||
|
Block 1: Hand
harvest a 10 ft section of rows 4, 5, 8 and 9 from each plot on October 28,
combined remainder October 31 with 4400 JD with a 4 row head. Block 2: Combined
entire study October 1 with M2 Gleaner with 18 ft lovebar. Block 3: Hand
harvest a 10 ft section of rows 4, 5, 8 and 9 from each plot November 4,
combined remainder same day with 4400 JD with a 4 row head.. |
||
|
Cropping Sytems |
Two cropping systems are used: continuous(c-c) no-till
corn utilizing strip-till (block 1)
no-till corn on soybean(c-s) utilizing strip-till (blocks 2 and
3). Blocks 2 and 3 are alternated
between corn and soybean each year.. |
||
|
Soil: |
Embden sandy loam, Hecla sandy loam and Maddock sandy
loam; Block 1: soil-N 16
lbs/acre; soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was very low. Block 2: soil-N 14
lbs/acre; soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was low. Block 3: soil-N 14
lbs/acre; soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was low. |
||
|
Previous crops: |
Block 1: 2007 –
field corn; 2006 – soybean; 2005 – sweetcorn. Block 2: 2007 –
field corn; 2006 – soybean and edible bean; 2005 – sweetcorn. Block 3: 2007 –
onion; 2006 – sunflower and edible bean; 2005 – sweetcorn. |
||
|
Seedbed preparation: |
No-tilled with Monosem using shark tooth
residue manager. |
||
|
Planting: |
Block 1: Planted Dekalb 43-27 corn May 14 in 30-inch rows @ 33,000
seeds/acre. Block 2: Planted Croplan 1077 soybean May 9 in 30-inch rows @ 174,000
seeds/acre. Block 3: Planted Dekalb 43-27 corn May 16 in 30-inch rows @ 33,000
seeds/acre. |
||
|
Fertilizer: |
April 22 broadcast 28 lbs N/acre, 44 lbs P2O5/acre,
55 lbs K2O/acre and 22 lbs S/acre as 10-16-20-8 to all
Blocks. Stream bar applied 100 lbs
N/acre as 32-0-0 on May 15 to Block 1.
Stream-bar apply 60 lbs N/acre as 32-0-0 on May 16 to Block 3. Knifed in 80 lbs of N/acre as 32-0-0 on
June 17 to Blocks 1 and 3. |
||
|
Irrigation: |
Hand move sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
||
|
Pest Control: |
Apply Buccaneer Plus (40 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) + AMS
(8.5 lb/50 gal) on May 12 to entire study; Lumax (3
pt/acre) + Buccaneer Plus (32 oz/acre) + NIS (0.5% v/v) + AMS (1 lb/10 gal)
on May 31; Cornerstone Plus (40 oz/acre) + AMS (1 lb/10 gal) on June 18
to Blocks 1 and 3; Valor (2.5 oz/acre)
on May 12, Cornstone Plus (32 oz/acre) + AMS (1
lb/10 gal) on July 14 and Proline (5 oz/acre) on
July 14 to Block 2. |
||
|
All corn residue from 2007 was removed from the plots in
the fall. Corn residue was spread on
the plots at the rate on 100, 200 and 300 lbs per acre in Block one on May 14
prior to planting. |
|||
|
Block 1: Hand
harvest a 10 ft section of rows 4, 5, 8 and 9 from each plot on October 28,
combined remainder October 31 with 4400 JD with a 4 row head. Block 2: Combined
entire study October 1 with M2 Gleaner with 18 ft lovebar. Block 3: Hand
harvest a 10 ft section of rows 4, 5, 8 and 9 from each plot November 4,
combined remainder same day with 4400 JD with a 4 row head.. |
|||
All the corn stover was removed in the fall of 2007. To get data in 2008, ground corn stover was weighed to equal 0, 33, 66, 100 % removal and evenly spread in respective plots. This amounted to approximately 8, 5, and 3 tons/ac of corn residue added to the 0, 33, and 66 removal plots, respectively. This resulted in a heavy mulch, especially in the 0 % and 33% removal plots. Unlike standing corn residue, the mulch covered the ground like a blanket. The day after planting 100 lb N/ac as 32-0-0 was broadcast to help degrade the residue and help prevent immobilization of N in the 0, 33, and 66 % removal plots.
The 0 removal rate was lower yielding then other treatments. The yield among other treatments was not significantly different. Corn grain moisture was highest and test weight lowest in the 0 % removal plots. Corn in the 100 % removal plot silked and reached maturity 5 and 8 days earlier than corn in the 0 % removal plots, respectively. Chlorophyll meter readings increased with increasing stover removal. Due to a high coefficient of variability there was no significant difference in stalk nitrate tests among treatments. A definite trend can be noted as stalk nitrate-N went from 1033 ppm in the 0 % removal treatments to 5118 ppm in the 100 % removal treatments.
Dryland Cropping Sequence at Ayr, ND
A
no-till cropping system study was initiated at Ayr,
ND in the spring of 2007. Three crop
rotations are being studied: corn-corn, corn-soybean and corn-soybean-spring
wheat. A fertilizer N-rate calibration
component is a part of the corn treatment in each rotation. Each N rate study is arranged in a randomized
complete block design with four replications
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Previous crops: |
Block 1: 2008 – field
corn; 2007 – wheat; 2006 – soybean. Block 2: 2008 –
soybean; 2007 – corn; 2006 – soybean. Block 3: 2008 –
soybean; 2007 – corn; 2006 – soybean. Block 4: 2008 –
wheat; 2007 – soybean; 2006 – field corn (north border – soybean). Block 5: 2008 –
field corn; 2007 – soybean; 2006 – field corn. Block 6: 2008 – field
corn; 2007 – field corn; 2006 – field corn. |
|
Seedbed preparation: |
Strip-tilled (except Block 4, (wheat ground
for 2008)) about 5 inches deep on November 15, 2007. |
|
Planting: |
All corn and soybean were planted with a Monsem planter; wheat was planted with a Horsch Anderson plot drill. Block 1: Planted
DKC38-89(VT3) May 7 in 30-inch rows @ 28,800 seeds/acre. Block 2: Planted
W2064rr May 7 in 30-inch rows @ 194,000 seeds/acre. Block 3: Planted
W2064rr May 7 in 30-inch rows @ 194,000 seeds/acre Block 4: Planted
Blade on May 7 @1.6 million/acre; Block 5: Planted
DKC38-89(VT3) May 7 in 30-inch rows @ 28,800 seeds/acre. Block 6: Planted
DKC38-89(VT3) May 7 in 30-inch rows @ 28,800 seeds/acre. |
|
Fertilizer: |
All Blocks received 11 lbs N/acre, 36 lbs P2O5/acre
as 10-34-0. Blocks 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 on
November 15, 2007 and Block 4 on May 7, 2008.
Blocks 2 and 3 (soybean) received no further fertilizer
treatments. Blocks 1, 5 and 6 (corn):
Stream bar applied N treatments of 39, 89 and139 lbs N/acre as 32-0-0
on May 22 Block 4 (wheat):
Stream-bar apply 88 lbs N/acre as 32-0-0 on on
June 7. |
|
Pest Control: |
Blocks 1 and 5 on June 7 and Block 6 on June 9 Lumax (3 pt/acre) + Buccaneer Plus (40 oz/acre)+ AMS (10
lb/100 gal) + NIS (0.25% v/v). Blocks 2 and 3:
Resource (6 oz/acre) + Buccaneer Plus (40 oz/acre) + AMS
(10 lb/100 gal) + NIS (0.5% v/v), Cornerstone Plus (32 oz/acre) + AMS
(1 lb/10 gal + Interlock (4 oz/acre) on July 9 and August 14 (no
Interlock). Select (8 oz/acre) on August 4 (?Luke) Block 4: Wolfpack 1.35 oz/acre on June 9, Headline (6 oz/acre) on
June 20, Tilt (4 oz/acre) on July 3 and Folicur (2
oz/acre) + Proline (2 oz/acre) on July 9. |
|
Block 4: Combined August 27. Block 2 & 3:
Combined October .17 Block 1, 5 and 6:
Hand harvest a 20 ft section from rows
3 & 4 each plot November 4, combined remainder with 4400 JD on
November 19 |
Intensively managed HRSW yielded 71.2 bu/ac @13.5% moisture, had a 14.1% protein content a
moisture content of 17.2% and a test weight of 59.4 lb/ac. Soybean yielded 21.3 bu/ac
@ 13% moisture. Adjacent
fields were adjusted at hail damage levels of 40-50%.
In
the corn on corn study Figure 1, increased N rate increased yield, ears/plant,
chlorophyll meter readings and grain protein.
For the second consecutive year the 10 lb N/ac rate plots (low N rate)
yielded more than the 100 lb N/ac plots. Either there is more residual N in
these plots or more N being mineralized.
Fall soil tests showed 36 lb nitrate-N/ac in the low N rate plots which
is toward the low side. It is some what
puzzling that the low N rate plots would have the highest stalk nitrate-N test
the second highest grain protein and the lowest chlorophyll meter reading.
When
corn was grown on soybean ground, increased N rate increased yield, test
weight, Fall soil nitrate-N, chlorophyll meter readings, grain protein and
stalk nitrate-N. The chlorophyll meter
readings and the stalk test would suggest that yield was maximized at the100
lb/ac N rate.
Interestingly corn on
spring wheat ground averaged within 5 bu/ac of corn
on soybean ground. Although corn yielded 23 bu/ac
more at the 150 lb N/ac than at the 10 lb/ac rate in the corn on spring wheat
ground the difference was not significant.
Increased rates of N increased test weight, chlorophyll meter readings,
grain protein and stalk nitrate-N. The
big jump in stalk N from 100 lb N/ac to 150 lb N/ac and the very small
difference in chlorophyll meter reading at these rates shows that corn N
requirement was met at the 100 lb N/ac rate.