LIVING MULCHES INTERCROPPED IN VEGETABLES
Richard Greenland
Table 75. Mulch and row spacing effects on mulch height, ground cover and cabbage covered by mulches
Table 76. Effect of living mulch and row spacing on cabbage height, yield and end of year dry matter
Table 77. Living mulch seeding rate effects on percent ground cover and end of year dry matter
Table 78. Mulch effects on mulch height and ground cover for mulches intercropped in carrots
Table 79. Effect of living mulch and row spacing on carrot height, yield and end of year dry matter
Table 80. Mulch effect on mulch height, ground cover for mulches intercropped in sweetcorn
In vegetable production, vegetables are planted into a fine seed bed, cultivated, and hand weeded throughout the growing season, and the plant residue is often destroyed at harvest. This leaves the soil open to erosion and reduces soil organic matter, causing deterioration of the soil. Living mulches intercropped with vegetables could help prevent soil erosion and degradation, but if not managed properly they could compete with the vegetables, causing reductions in yield and quality.
Most of the work done with cover crops in vegetables deals with planting vegetables into an established cover crop that has been partially or totally killed. The cover crop often makes planting of the vegetable crop difficult and requires special equipment. This is especially true for small-seeded crops such as carrot. In this experiment we looked at living mulches planted at the same time or later than the vegetable crop and allowed to grow, unchecked, with the vegetable crop.
The management of living mulches consists in the reduction of competition between the living mulch and vegetable, while at the same time increasing the dry matter production of the living mulch to as high a level as possible. When living mulches are intercropped with vegetables they can compete with the vegetable for water, soil nutrients, solar radiation and space. Proper irrigation and fertilizers should provide sufficient moisture and nutrients for both vegetable and living mulch, so competition for these elements should be minimal. Competition for solar radiation and space is a function of the size and vigor of the competing plants. A living mulch should establish well but stay small enough not to shade or crowd the vegetable during the early part of the growing season. It should be hardy enough to withstand shading by the vegetable and should grow vigorously later in the season, after the vegetable is harvested, to cover the ground to protect the soil and provide organic matter. The most critical time for competition between vegetable and living mulch is early in the season. Competition studies have shown that if the vegetable is kept weed free for the first 4 to 12 weeks, depending on the vegetable, little, if any, yield reduction occurs from weed growth after that time. We hypothesize that the living mulch would not reduce vegetable yields if it did not compete with the vegetable for the first 4 to 12 weeks, depending on the vegetable. Carrots and onions would need a longer competition-free period than cabbage or sweetcorn. Reduction of competition from the living mulch may be achieved by selecting living mulches that grow slowly or lowly, by planting the living mulch later so the vegetable has a sufficient head start before the living mulch begins to compete with it, or by reducing the planting rate of the living mulch. Planting the vegetable in narrow rows may also give the vegetable a competitive advantage. In our studies we planted selected living mulches with vegetables to see how they would compete with the vegetables when planted at the time of vegetable planting or later. In cabbage, carrot, and onion we also included two row widths to see if narrow row widths gave any competitive advantage to the vegetable. Our objective was to find the right combination of living mulch and timing of planting to protect the soil while not reducing vegetable yield or quality.
A preliminary study was conducted from October 2003 to March 2004 at the Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias near Balcarce, Argentina. White clover, red clover, common vetch, strawberry clover, and/or barley were planted in cabbage, carrot, sweet corn, and potato.
A study was established at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site in the spring of 2004. Lessons learned from the Argentina study, such as selection and timing of planting of living mulches, were implemented in this study. We studied living mulches in cabbage, sweetcorn, onions, carrots, and potato, but only the results of the cabbage, carrot and sweetcorn will be presented in this report. Adjustments of time of living mulch seeding and species used as living mulches will need to be made as more information is acquired through these experiments.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
Soil: |
Cabbage study: Maddock sandy loam; pH=7.3; soil organic matter=1.9%. Carrot study: Maddock sandy loam; pH=7.3; soil organic matter=1.9%. Sweetcorn study: Maddock sandy loam; pH=7.3; soil organic matter=1.9%. All studies: soil-P and soil-K was very high; and soil-S was low. |
|
Previous crop: |
Cabbage study: 2004 - sweet corn; 2003 - pumpkin; 2002 - field corn. Carrot study: 2004 - sweet corn; 2003 - pumpkin; 2002 - field corn. Sweetcorn study: 2004 - sweet corn; 2003 - pumpkin; 2002 - field corn. |
|
Seed bed preparation: |
All studies: Disk on April 7 and chisel plow on April 14. Cabbage study: Disk May 5. Multiweeded (field cultivated) twice on May 5 to incorporate herbicide and once on May 16 to breakup crust. Carrot study: Disk May 5. Multiweeded (field cultivated) twice on May 5 incorporate herbicide and once on May 16 to breakup crust. Sweetcorn study: Disk April 27; Multiweeded (field cultivated) on May 17 to incorporate fertilizer and weed control. Plots receiving late planted living mulches were rototilled between corn rows on June 17 and June 28. |
|
Fertilizer: |
All studies: Applied 26 lbs N/acre and 30 lbs S/acre as 21-0-0-24 on April 15. Fertigate 40 lbs N/acre on June 18 and 50 lbs N/acre on July 7 as 28-0-0. |
|
Planting: |
Cabbage study: Barley was planted on May 16 at 1 bu/acre in 16 and 21-inch rows. Transplanted ‘Bronco’ cabbage on May 20 at 25,000 plants/acre in 16 and 21-inch rows, in between and parallel to the barley rows. Planted the living mulches on May 27 and June 24. Rates (in lbs/acre) were 1.1 or 1.8 for white clover; 2.0 or 4.0 for red clover; and 10 or 19 for hairy vetch. Plot size was 17 ft by 7 ft. Carrot study: Barley was planted on May 16 at 1 bu/acre in 16 and 21-inch rows. ‘Niagra’ was planted on May 16 at 800,000 seeds/acre in 16 and 21 inch-rows, in between parallel to the barley rows. Planted the living mulches on June 28 and July 19. Rates (in lbs/acre) were 1.1 or 1.8 for white clover, 2.0 or 4.0 for red clover; and 10 or 19 for hairy vetch. Plot size was 17 ft by 7 ft. Sweetcorn study: Planted ‘Honey Select’ sweetcorn on May 17 at 28,000 seeds/acre in 28-inch rows. Plot size was 17 ft by 14 ft. Planted living mulches on May 19 and June 28. Rates were 0.7 or 1.3 for white clover; 2.0 or 3.7 for red clover; and 6.6 or 13.2 lbs/acre for hairy vetch. |
|
Pest control: |
Cabbage study: Dipel (1 lb/acre on Jul 6, Jul 20, Jul 27 and Aug 10), Sevin XLR (1 qt/acre on Jun 24), Asana (8 oz/acre on Jul 1 and Aug 18) and Warrior (2.5 oz/acre on August 3) to control cabbage looper and cabbage worm. Fusilade + NIS (12 oz/acre + 0.5% v/v) was sprayed to kill the barley in the living mulch on June 9 when the barley was about 6 inches tall. Carrot study: Sevin XLR (1 qt/acre on August 3) to control leafhoppers. Fusilade + NIS (12 oz/acre + 0.5% v/v on June 9) to kill the barley in the living mulch when the barley was about 6 inches tall. Sweetcorn study: no treatments. |
|
Harvest: |
Harvested cabbage on Sept 23, Sept 26 and Sept 27, carrot on Oct 14 to Oct 20 and sweetcorn on Aug 17. |
Cabbage study: The hairy vetch that was planted early (seven days after transplanting cabbage) grew too vigorously and severely reduced cabbage yield, number of heads, and head size. The red and white clover planted early also slightly reduced cabbage yield and head size. Hairy vetch planted late slightly reduced yield while red and white clover planted late did not reduce cabbage yield. Hairy vetch planted late and all mulches planted early established a good ground cover by the end of the season. The narrow rows had higher head numbers and yield than the wide rows, however, this may have been due to better planting patterns in the narrow rows. We tried to keep the number of plants/acre in both row widths the same, but the planter wheels turned slower while planting the narrow rows and the workers were able to place the plants in the transplanter better than in the wide rows, resulting in a better stand in the narrow rows. Hairy vetch grew faster, taller, covered the ground better, and produced more dry matter than the other living mulches. Red clover was second best in all those areas and white clover was last. Planting the living mulch at a higher seeding rate did not usually increase percent ground cover or end of season dry matter.
Carrot study: Except for hairy vetch planted early none of the living mulch treatments affected carrot yield, height etc. The early and late planted red clover and white clover did not do as well as shown by the end of the season ground cover and dry matter.
Sweetcorn study: Yield was lower in the early planted hairy vetch and red clover, none of the remaining living mulch treatments affected sweetcorn yield, height, etc. The living mulches planted early grew taller, provided better ground cover, and had more end of year dry matter than living mulches planted late.
Go to top of living mulches intercropped with vegetables study
Table 74. Soil
nitrogen and organic matter (0 to 6" depth) in spring 2005 following
living mulches intercropped with cabbage the
previous summer.
|
Living mulch treatment |
Planting dates |
Soil nitrogen |
Soil organic matter |
|
|
|
lbs/acre |
% |
|
|
|||
|
Check (no living mulch or barley) |
|
10.8 |
2.9 |
|
Barley only |
May 16 |
11.3 |
2.9 |
|
Barley + white clover |
May 16 + May 27 |
12.4 |
2.8 |
|
Barley + red clover |
May 16 + May 27 |
14.9 |
2.9 |
|
Barley + hairy vetch |
May 16 + May 27 |
21.3 |
2.7 |
|
Barley + white clover |
May 16 + June 24 |
11.8 |
2.8 |
|
Barley + red clover |
May 16 + June 24 |
12.9 |
2.7 |
|
Barley + hairy vetch |
May 16 + June 24 |
13.5 |
2.7 |
|
|
|||
|
Probability |
<.0001 |
0.26 |
|
|
LSD (0.05) |
2 |
— |
|
|
C. V. (%) |
17 |
6 |
|
Go to top of living mulches intercropped with vegetables study
Table 75. Living mulch
and row spacing effects on living mulch height, ground cover, and
percent of cabbage heads covered by
living
mulches on September 20 and the end of year dry matter for living
mulches intercropped in cabbage in 2005.
|
Treatment |
Time of planting living mulch |
Living mulch height1 |
Ground cover2 |
Cabbage heads covered3 |
End of year dry matter4 |
|
|
|
inches |
--------------- % --------------- |
tons/A |
|
|
Living mulch |
|
||||
|
Barley + white clover |
May 16 + May 27 |
8.9 |
90 |
1 |
1.7 |
|
Barley + red clover |
May 16 + May 27 |
19.6 |
92 |
38 |
2.3 |
|
Barley + hairy vetch |
May 16 + May 27 |
21.6 |
99 |
99 |
4.0 |
|
Barley + white clover |
May 16 + June 24 |
5.3 |
22 |
0 |
0.1 |
|
Barley + red clover |
May 16 + June 24 |
5.9 |
22 |
0 |
0.1 |
|
Barley + hairy vetch |
May 16 + June 24 |
20.3 |
88 |
57 |
2.1 |
|
|
|||||
|
Probability |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
|
|
LSD (0.05) |
1.88 |
9.3 |
14.5 |
0.9 |
|
|
Row spacing |
|||||
|
Narrow (16") |
13.7 |
68 |
33 |
1.7 |
|
|
Wide (21") |
13.5 |
69 |
33 |
1.8 |
|
|
|
|||||
|
Probability for row spacing |
0.56 |
0.56 |
0.94 |
0.23 |
|
|
Probability interaction LM x RS |
0.31 |
0.13 |
0.0019 |
0.0009 |
|
|
|
|||||
|
C. V. (%) |
10 |
6 |
22 |
16 |
|
1Height on Sept. 20.
2Percent of ground covered by living mulch on Sept. 20.
3Percent of cabbage heads covered by living mulch on Sept. 20.
4Living mulch dry matter at end of season.
Go to top of living mulches intercropped with vegetables study
Table 76. Effect of living mulch and row spacing on cabbage height, yield and end of year dry matter in 2005.
Treatment |
Time of planting living mulch |
Cabbage height1 |
Marketable |
Total |
Head size |
End of year dry matter |
||||
|
heads |
yield |
heads |
yield |
cabbage |
weeds |
total |
||||
|
|
|
inches |
1000s/A |
tons/A |
1000s/A |
tons/A |
lbs/head |
----------- tons/A ---------- |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Living mulch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No living mulch |
|
11.8 a2 |
18.8 ab |
30.4 a |
25.5 |
34.0 a |
3.2 a |
3.0 a |
0.1 b |
3.1 cd |
|
Barley only |
May 16 |
11.8 a |
19.0 a |
24.5 abc |
25.5 |
28.7 abc |
2.6 bc |
2.9 ab |
0.1 ab |
3.0 cd |
|
Barley + white clover |
May 16 + May 27 |
11.1 b |
15.0 c |
17.7 c |
25.0 |
22.8 c |
2.3 cd |
1.9 c |
0.0 c |
3.6 bc |
|
Barley + red clover |
May 16 + May 27 |
11.4 ab |
10.2 d |
9.7 d |
25.2 |
15.3 d |
1.9 d |
1.4 d |
0.0 c |
3.7 ab |
|
Barley + hairy vetch |
May 16 + May 27 |
10.6 c |
1.4 e |
1.4 e |
22.0 |
6.9 e |
— |
0.2 e |
0.0 c |
4.2 a |
|
Barley + white clover |
May 16 + June 24 |
11.5 ab |
17.8 abc |
25.8 ab |
25.5 |
30.6 ab |
2.9 ab |
2.9 ab |
0.2 ab |
3.2 bcd |
|
Barley + red clover |
May 16 + June 24 |
11.8 a |
18.2 ab |
28.1 ab |
24.3 |
31.4 ab |
3.0 ab |
2.5 b |
0.2 a |
2.9 d |
|
Barley + hairy vetch |
May 16 + June 24 |
11.3 b |
16.0 bc |
21.1 bc |
24.3 |
26.2 bc |
2.7 bc |
1.4 d |
0.0 c |
3.5 bc |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Probability |
|
0.0002 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
0.11 |
<.0001 |
0.0006 |
<.0001 |
0.0004 |
0.0042 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Row spacing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Narrow (16") |
|
11.4 |
16.0 |
21.7 |
25.7 |
26.1 |
2.6 |
2.0 |
0.1 |
3.4 |
|
Wide (21") |
|
11.4 |
13.1 |
18.0 |
23.7 |
22.9 |
2.7 |
2.0 |
0.1 |
3.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Probability for row spacing |
0.75 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
0.0004 |
0.0001 |
0.44 |
0.87 |
0.68 |
0.60 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Probability interaction LM x RS |
0.66 |
0.38 |
0.21 |
0.21 |
0.09 |
0.27 |
0.52 |
0.89 |
0.30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. V. (%) |
5 |
24 |
26 |
12 |
18 |
14 |
25 |
107 |
14 |
|
1Height on Sept. 20.
2Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.
Go to top of living mulches intercropped with vegetables study
Table 77. Living mulch seeding rate effects on
percent ground cover and end of year dry matter of living mulches
intercropped in
cabbage
in 2005.
|
Seeding rate1 |
Seeded May 27 |
Seeded June 24 |
||||
|
white clover |
red clover |
hairy vetch |
white clover |
red clover |
hairy vetch |
|
|
% of ground covered by living mulch on Sept. 20 |
||||||
|
High |
90 |
94 |
99 |
24 |
25 |
90 |
|
Low |
89 |
89 |
99 |
19 |
18 |
87 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Probability |
0.73 |
0.007 |
1 |
0.11 |
0.053 |
0.02 |
|
C.V. (%) |
4 |
3 |
2 |
28 |
26 |
2 |
|
% of cabbage heads covered by living mulch Sept. 20 |
||||||
|
High |
1 |
46 |
99 |
0 |
0 |
62 |
|
Low |
1 |
31 |
99 |
0 |
0 |
51 |
|
|
||||||
|
Probability |
0.36 |
0.04 |
0.62 |
— |
— |
0.04 |
|
C.V. (%) |
133 |
31 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
15 |
|
End of year living mulch dry matter (tons/acre) |
||||||
|
High |
3.7 |
5.1 |
7.8 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
4.5 |
|
Low |
3.0 |
4.2 |
8.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
4.1 |
|
|
||||||
|
Probability |
0.07 |
0.04 |
0.44 |
0.06 |
0.0009 |
0.3 |
|
C.V. (%) |
15 |
10 |
7 |
89 |
24 |
15 |
1Seeding rates (in lbs/acre) were as follows: White clover: high - 1.8, low - 1.1; Red clover: high - 4.0, low - 2.0;
Hairy Vetch: high - 19, low - 10.
Go to top of living mulches intercropped with vegetables study
Table 78. Living mulch effects on living mulch
height and ground cover on September 30 and the end of year dry matter
for living
mulches
intercropped in carrots in 2005.
|
Treatment |
Time of planting living mulch |
Living mulch height1 |
Ground cover2 |
End of year dry matter3 |
|
|
|
inches |
% |
tons/A |
|
Living mulch |
|
|||
|
Barley + white clover |
May 16 + June 28 |
4.8 |
7.3 |
0.0 |
|
Barley + red clover |
May 16 + June 28 |
6.8 |
14.1 |
0.1 |
|
Barley + hairy vetch |
May 16 + June 28 |
16.0 |
64.4 |
1.7 |
|
Barley + white clover |
May 16 + July 19 |
1.7 |
2.9 |
0.0 |
|
Barley + red clover |
May 16 + July 19 |
3.0 |
5.9 |
0.0 |
|
Barley + hairy vetch |
May 16 + July 19 |
11.9 |
20.0 |
0.6 |
|
|
||||
|
Probability for living mulch |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
|
|
LSD (0.05) for living mulch treatments |
3.0 |
6.9 |
0.3 |
|
|
|
||||
|
Probability for row spacing |
0.15 |
0.19 |
0.39 |
|
|
Probability interaction LM x RS |
0.15 |
0.61 |
0.98 |
|
|
|
||||
|
C. V. (%) |
15 |
31 |
56 |
|
1Height on Sept. 30.
2Percent of ground covered by living mulch on Sept. 30.
3Living mulch dry matter at end of season.
Go to top of living mulches intercropped with vegetables study
Table 79. Effect of living mulch and row spacing on carrot height, yield and end of year dry matter in 2005.
|
Treatment |
Time of planting living mulch |
Carrot height1 |
Marketable |
Total |
Root |
Year end dry matter |
|||
|
roots |
yield |
roots |
yield |
size |
carrot |
total |
|||
|
|
inches |
1000s/A |
tons/A |
1000s/A |
tons/A |
ozs/root |
----- tons/A ---- |
||
|
Living mulch |
|
||||||||
|
No living mulch |
|
14.4 |
155 |
18.7 |
218 |
24.2 |
3.9 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
|
Barley only |
May 16 |
14.3 |
162 |
19.0 |
232 |
24.5 |
3.8 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
|
Barley + white clover |
May 16 + June 28 |
14.9 |
163 |
18.3 |
231 |
23.5 |
3.6 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
|
Barley + red clover |
May 16 + June 28 |
14.3 |
167 |
19.9 |
223 |
24.2 |
3.9 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
|
Barley + hairy vetch |
May 16 + June 28 |
15.3 |
152 |
15.4 |
208 |
18.8 |
3.3 |
0.6 |
2.3 |
|
Barley + white clover |
May 16 + July 19 |
14.8 |
161 |
19.8 |
233 |
25.8 |
4.0 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
|
Barley + red clover |
May 16 + July 19 |
14.1 |
160 |
18.8 |
240 |
25.8 |
3.9 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
|
Barley + hairy vetch |
May 16 + July 19 |
15.1 |
162 |
18.0 |
237 |
23.9 |
3.7 |
1.0 |
1.6 |
|
|
|||||||||
|
Probability for living mulch |
0.49 |
0.72 |
0.0007 |
0.11 |
0.0001 |
0.09 |
0.0006 |
<.0001 |
|
|
LSD (0.05) for living mulch treatments |
1.34 |
-- |
1.7 |
-- |
2.3 |
-- |
0.5 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
Probability for row spacing |
0.22 |
0.45 |
0.11 |
0.76 |
0.12 |
0.23 |
0.35 |
0.12 |
|
|
Probability interaction LM x RS |
1.0 |
0.89 |
1.0 |
0.73 |
0.68 |
0.74 |
0.58 |
0.76 |
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
C. V. (%) |
5 |
18 |
14 |
15 |
9 |
11 |
16 |
17 |
|
1On September 30.
Go
to top of living mulches intercropped with vegetables study
Table 80. Living mulch effect on living mulch
height, ground cover and end of year dry matter for living mulches
intercropped in
sweetcorn
in 2005.
|
Treatment |
Time of planting living mulch |
Living mulch height (9/21) |
Living mulch ground cover on Sept. 21 |
End of year dry matter |
|
|
inches |
% |
tons/acre |
|
|
Living mulch |
|
|||
|
White clover |
May 19 |
9.0 |
63.8 |
1.2 |
|
Red clover |
May 19 |
13.1 |
71.3 |
1.2 |
|
Hairy vetch |
May 19 |
24.6 |
89.4 |
3.2 |
|
White clover |
June 28 |
5.8 |
18.8 |
0.1 |
|
Red clover |
June 28 |
6.9 |
21.9 |
0.1 |
|
Hairy vetch |
June 28 |
14.4 |
54.4 |
0.9 |
|
|
||||
|
Probability for treatments |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
|
|
LSD (0.05) |
2.6 |
15.6 |
0.5 |
|
|
Seeding rate |
||||
|
High |
12.2 |
56.7 |
1.2 |
|
|
Low |
12.4 |
49.8 |
1.0 |
|
|
Probability for seeding rate |
0.66 |
0.0002 |
0.12 |
|
|
Probability of interaction |
0.8 |
0.1 |
0.64 |
|
|
C. V. (%) |
15 |
10 |
26 |
|
Go to top of living mulches intercropped with vegetables study
Table 81. Effect of living mulch and row spacing on days to half-silk, yield, ear size, and end of year dry matter in 2005.
|
Living mulch |
Living mulch planting time |
Days to half-silk |
Marketable |
Total |
Ear size |
End of season dry matter |
||||
|
ears |
yield |
ears |
yield |
sweetcorn |
weed |
total |
||||
|
|
|
days |
1000s/A |
tons/A |
1000s/A |
tons/A |
oz/ear |
------------ tons/A ------------ |
||
|
|
||||||||||
|
No living mulch (LM) |
|
68.4 bcd1 |
23.1 |
9.6 ab |
32.0 |
11.6 ac |
13.2 a |
2.1 |
0.8 a |
2.9 c |
|
No LM or cultivation |
|
67.6 a |
26.0 |
11.4 a |
36.1 |
13.9 ab |
14.1 a |
2.8 |
1.0 a |
3.8 bc |
|
White clover |
May 19 |
68.1 abc |
27.3 |
10.2 ab |
36.1 |
12.2 ac |
11.9 b |
2.1 |
0.3 bc |
3.6 bc |
|
Red clover |
May 19 |
69.0 d |
22.8 |
8.2 bc |
34.1 |
10.8 bc |
11.6 b |
1.7 |
0.5 b |
3.3 bc |
|
Hairy vetch |
May 19 |
68.6 cd |
17.6 |
6.4 c |
27.4 |
8.7 c |
11.6 b |
1.7 |
0.0 c |
4.9 a |
|
White clover |
June 28 |
67.9 ab |
28.6 |
12.1 a |
38.4 |
14.7 a |
13.6 a |
2.3 |
1.1 a |
3.5 bc |
|
Red clover |
June 28 |
67.8 ab |
26.3 |
11.0 ab |
39.0 |
14.5 a |
13.3 a |
2.8 |
0.8 a |
3.8 bc |
|
Hairy vetch |
June 28 |
67.9 ab |
26.7 |
11.5 a |
37.0 |
13.8 ab |
13.9 a |
2.6 |
0.3 bc |
3.9 b |
|
|
||||||||||
|
Probability |
0.002 |
0.09 |
0.007 |
0.2 |
0.012 |
<.0001 |
0.07 |
<.0001 |
0.006 |
|
|
C. V. (%) |
1 |
29 |
30 |
25 |
28 |
7 |
34 |
48 |
21 |
|
1Values in this column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. There were no statistically
significant differences between values in any other column.
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