Oakes Irrigation Research Site
Carrington Research Extension Center * North Dakota State University
P.O. Box 531, Oakes, ND 58474-0531, Voice: (701) 742-2189, FAX: (701) 742-2700, E-mail: Leonard.Besemann@ndsu.edu

Cabbage production has tremendous potential in North Dakota. A few farmers are growing cabbage but have difficulty controlling weeds because few herbicides are available for weed control in cabbage production. In these experiments we evaluated several herbicides and herbicide combinations for use in direct seeded and transplanted cabbage production.

In previous years Authority and Valor were applied POST without any surfactant because of the fear of crop injury. In this year’s study we compared Authority and Valor with and without a surfactant to see the effect of a surfactant on weed control and crop injury.

Direct-seeded cabbage: Adding a surfactant with Authority or Valor increased crop injury and did not increase weed control. The number of cabbage heads and cabbage yield was reduced when a surfactant was added. Highest cabbage yields were with the handweed check or with Authority alone or Authority followed by Stringer. In previous years yields were reduced with the Authority alone treatment because of lack of hairy nightshade control. Nightshade pressure was medium to low in this study.

Transplanted cabbage: Because of cold weather in May, the transplant study was planted later than normal and the health of the transplants was poor. Yields were much below average and yield response to treatments was variable, so no yield differences between treatments were statistically significant. Adding a surfactant with Authority or Valor did not effect the amount of cabbage injury but increased barley injury for some treatments. Adding surfactant increased control of lambsquarters, but not hairy nightshade or foxtail. A surfactant increased control of purslane for Authority, but not for Valor, because purslane control by Valor was good to excellent without a surfactant. Valor applied one week after transplanting decreased plant stand and harvested heads. Authority did not give good control of hairy nightshade. Valor gave good to excellent control of hairy nightshade and purslane, but was a little weak on lambsquarters.

Table 49. Cabbage weed control treatment application data at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site in 2005.

Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using AI 110-04 flat fan nozzles, in 23 gpa, at 51 psi. Weed ratings were taken in the direct seeded cabbage study on June 8, and July 28, and in the transplant cabbage study on June 17 and August 5.

In addition to the application times listed, all treatments in the direct seeded study received Treflan @ 1 pt/acre on April 21. Fusilade @12 oz/acre + 0.5% NIS was applied on June 8 and June 24 to the direct seeded and transplant cabbage studies, respectively.

Table 50. Yield data at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site in 2005 in direct-seeded cabbage.

³Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (0.05 level)

Applied Treflan @ 1 pt/acre PPI on April 21 and Fusilade @ 12 oz/acre + 0.5% NIS on June 8 to all plots.

Table 51. Cabbage injury and weed ratings at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site in 2005 in direct-seeded cabbage.

Treatment number¹	No head formed²	Crop injury (June 8)		June 8		July 28
Treatment number¹	No head formed²	cabbage	barley	Colq³	Hns	Rrpw	Colq	Hns	Purslane	Foxtail
	------------------ % ----------------			---------------------------------------------- 0 to 10⁴ -------------------------------------------
1	19 ac⁵	28 bc	2 a	9.0 c	7.0 b	8.1 d	6.8 b	6.2 e	9.6 ab	8.8 ab
2	16 a	25 b	25 b	9.3 bc	8.0 b	9.5 ab	9.3 a	10.0 a	10.0 a	8.3 b
3	35 c	45 cd	45 cd	9.5 b	7.8 b	9.0 bc	9.5 a	10.0 a	10.0 a	8.3 b
4	18 ab	18 b	5 a	10.0 a	10.0 a	9.8 ab	9.5 a	8.5 bc	8.5 bd	7.8 bc
5	21 ac	68 de	30 bc	10.0 a	10.0 a	8.5 cd	10.0 a	7.8 cd	7.5 d	6.5 cd
6	13 a	18 b	3 a	10.0 a	10.0 a	9.5 ab	9.3 a	8.8 b	8.8 bc	7.8 bc
7	34 bc	70 e	33 bc	10.0 a	10.0 a	8.5 cd	9.8 a	7.5 d	7.8 cd	6.5 cd
8	10 a	25 b	25 b	10.0 a	10.0 a	10.0 a	10.0 a	10.0 a	10.0 a	7.5 bd
9	22 ac	83 e	63 d	10.0 a	10.0 a	9.5 ab	10.0 a	9.8 a	9.0 ab	6.3 d
10	7 a	8 a	0 a	8.0 d	5.0 c	10.0 a	10.0 a	10.0 a	10.0 a	10.0 a

Probability	0.02	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	<.0001	0.0002	<.0001	<.0001	0.0002	0.0002
C. V. (%)	55	25	31	1	5	3	3	4	5	7

³Colq is common lambsquarters; Hns is hairy nightshade; Rrpw is redroot pigweed; Foxtail is green and yellow foxtail.

⁴Ratings: 0 is plot completely covered with vigorously growing weeds; 10 is no weeds in plot.

⁵Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.

Table 52. Crop injury and stand, lambsquarters, hairy nightshade, foxtail, and purslane ratings at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site in 2005 in transplanted cabbage.

Treatment

Number¹

Crop injury

Stand

No head

form²

Lambsquarters

Hairy nightshade

Foxtail

Purslane

cabbage

barley

Jun 17

Aug 5

Jun 17

Aug 5

Jun 17

Aug 5

Jun 17

Aug 5

--------------- % ------------------

1000s/A

------------------------------------------ 0 to 10³ -------------------------------------

40 hij⁴

63 h

5.3 bcd

6.4 g

12 a-d

10.0 a

8.0 efg

10.0 a

7.0

10.0 a

0 a

13 c-g

9.3 a

25.4 abc

26 a-d

10.0 a

8.5 def

10.0 a

8.3

4.5 f

0 a

5 abc

9.8 a

25.0 a-d

49 de

8.3 e

7.3 g

8.3 d

7.0 g

8.3 e

9.0

4.3 f

35 g-i

60 h

5.5 bcd

5.3 g

10 abc

10.0 a

7.3

9.5 ab

0 a

13 c-g

9.5 a

21.8 de

39 b-e

8.8 d

8.8 cde

8.5 cd

10.0 a

8.5 de

8.8

4.5 f

8 b

15 c-g

9.3 a

22.6 bcd

32 a-d

10.0 a

8.8

7.3 de

30 f-i

58 h

5.3 bcd

4.7 g

0 a

10.0 a

7.8

9.8 a

60 jkl

58 h

5.8 bc

6.4 g

13 abc

10.0 a

8.8 cde

10.0 a

9.0

9.8 a

20 cde

10 b-g

9.8 a

25.4 abc

22 a-d

10.0 a

9.8 ab

10.0 a

8.3 def

10.0 a

8.3

8.8 a-d

8 b

3 ab

10.0 a

26.3 a

12 abc

10.0 a

9.0 bcd

9.0 bc

7.8 f

9.8 ab

9.0

7.8 b-e

68 klm

58 h

6.3 b

3.8 g

0 a

10.0 a

9.8 ab

10.0 a

9.8 ab

10.0 a

7.8

9.3 abc

0 a

5 abc

10.0 a

25.0 a-d

21 a-d

10.0 a

9.5 abc

8.5 cd

10.0 a

9.8 ab

9.8

9.8 a

23 c-g

18 efg

9.0 a

22.0 cde

18 a-d

10.0 a

9.5

9.5 ab

60 jkl

65 h

5.0 bcd

6.4 g

13 abc

10.0 a

8.0

9.5 ab

0 a

15 d-g

9.3 a

25.8 ab

20 a-d

10.0 a

9.5 abc

10.0 a

6.8

7.5 cde

68 klm

63 h

5.3 bcd

6.4 g

19 a-d

10.0 a

8.8 cde

10.0 a

7.3

9.3 abc

15 c-f

23 g

9.3 a

25.2 a-d

14 abc

10.0 a

8.8 cde

10.0 a

7.0

6.8 e

0 a

3 ab

9.8 a

26.1 ab

33 a-d

8.3 e

10.0 a

8.3 d

8.8 cde

8.3 e

8.0

8.8 a-d

70 klm

75 h

4.5 bcd

3.2 g

6 ab

10.0 a

6.3

9.8 a

0 a

8 a-d

9.8 a

18.8 ef

73 ef

8.3 e

10.0 a

8.5 cd

10.0 a

9.0 cd

8.8

8.5 a-e

13 bc

18 efg

9.5 a

19.0 ef

70 ef

10.0 a

8.3

9.8 a

70 klm

65 h

5.0 bcd

5.1 g

7 abc

10.0 a

6.3

9.5 ab

88 lm

78 h

4.3 cd

4.1 g

13 abc

10.0 a

8.3 def

10.0 a

7.5

9.8 a

25 d-h

20 fg

9.8 a

25.2 a-d

10 abc

10.0 a

8.3 def

10.0 a

8.3

8.8 a-d

0 a

8 a-d

9.5 a

24.8 a-d

15 a-d

9.8 ab

10.0 a

8.5 cd

8.0 ef

9.3 bc

8.5

9.5 ab

85 lm

70 h

4.3 d

6.0 g

8 abc

10.0 a

9.8 ab

10.0 a

9.8 ab

10.0 a

8.3

10.0 a

0 a

10 b-e

10.0 a

16.9 f

45 cde

9.5 bc

10.0 a

9.5 ab

10.0 a

9.5 abc

8.5

9.5 ab

28 e-h

23 g

9.8 a

17.5 f

84 f

10.0 a

8.8

10.0 a

90 m

75 h

4.3 cd

5.8 g

3 a

10.0 a

9.8 ab

10.0 a

8.3

10.0 a

15 bcd

15 c-g

9.5 a

26.1 ab

33 a-d

10.0 a

9.8 ab

10.0 a

7.5

7.0 de

8 b

5 abc

9.8 a

25.8 ab

13 abc

10.0 a

7.5 fg

9.0 bc

9.0 bcd

9.5 abc

9.0

9.8 a

50 ijk

13 b-f

9.8 a

25.8 ab

18 a-d

10.0 a

7.3 g

10.0 a

9.5 abc

10.0 a

9.3

9.8 a

0 a

9.3 a

22.0 cde

9 abc

9.3 c

10.0 a

9.0 bc

10.0 a

9.5 abc

10.0

10.0 a

Probability

<.0001

0.5

<.0001

C. V. (%)

107

³Ratings: 0 is plot completely covered with vigorously growing weeds; 10 is no weeds in plot.

⁴Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.

Table 53. Yield data at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site in 2005 in transplanted cabbage.

Treatment Number	Herbicides	Rates	Application timing¹	Number of heads	Yield	Head size
				1000s/A	tons/A	lbs/head

1	Valor	2 oz	Post2	6.2 gh²	15.2	4.9 a-d
2	Authority	2 oz	Post2	20.7 a-d	15.8	1.5 fg
3	Authority	2 oz	Post3	18.9 bcd	12.4	1.3 g
4	Authority + Valor	2 oz + 2 oz	Post2	5.4 gh	16.7	5.9 ab
5	Authority + Valor	2 oz + 2 oz	Post3	17.4 cde	15.9	1.8 fg
6	Authority fb Valor	2 oz fb 2 oz	Post2 fb Post3	16.7 de	19.7	2.5 fg
7	Valor fb Authority	2 oz fb 2 oz	Post2 fb Post3	4.0 h	10.5	6.6 a
8	Treflan fb Valor	1 pt fb 2 oz	PPI fb Post2	6.5 gh	15.9	4.8 bcd
9	Treflan fb Authority	1 pt fb 2 oz	PPI fb Post2	22.5 ab	22.0	2.0 fg
10	Treflan fb Authority	1 pt fb 2 oz	PPI fb Post3	24.3 a	21.1	1.7 fg
11	Treflan fb Authority + Valor	1 pt fb 2 oz + 2 oz	PPI fb Post2	5.8 gh	17.5	6.0 ab
12	Treflan fb Authority + Valor	1 pt fb 2 oz + 2 oz	PPI fb Post3	22.5 ab	26.7	2.4 fg
13	Treflan fb Authority fb Valor	1 pt fb 2 oz fb 2 oz	PPI fb Post2 fb Post3	20.3 a-d	22.6	2.2 fg
14	Treflan fb Valor fb Authority	1 pt fb 2 oz fb 2 oz	PPI fb Post2 fb Post3	6.2 gh	14.6	4.8 bcd
15	Authority fb Stinger	2 oz fb 1/3 pt	Post2 fb Post4	22.1 abc	20.7	1.9 fg
16	Valor + NIS	2 oz + 1/4 %	Post2	6.9 gh	13.8	4.2 cde
17	Authority + NIS	2 oz + 1/4 %	Post2	22.5 ab	20.6	1.8 fg
18	Authority + NIS	2 oz + 1/4 %	Post3	22.1 abc	17.9	1.6 fg
19	Authority + Valor + NIS	2 oz + 2 oz + 1/4 %	Post2	4.0 h	11.8	6.0 ab
20	Authority + Valor + NIS	2 oz + 2 oz + 1/4 %	Post3	13.1 ef	14.5	2.1 fg
21	Authority + NIS fb Valor + NIS	2 oz + 1/4 % fb 2 oz + 1/4 %	Post2 fb Post3	12.7 ef	17.6	2.8 efg
22	Valor + NIS fb Authority + NIS	2 oz + 1/4 % fb 2 oz + 1/4 %	Post2 fb Post3	5.8 gh	16.1	5.2 abc
23	Treflan fb Valor + NIS	1 pt fb 2 oz + 1/4 %	PPI fb Post2	4.7 h	11.8	5.3 abc
24	Treflan fb Authority + NIS	1 pt fb 2 oz + 1/4 %	PPI fb Post2	24.0 a	21.2	1.8 fg
25	Treflan fb Authority + NIS	1 pt fb 2 oz + 1/4 %	PPI fb Post3	22.5 ab	20.3	1.8 fg
26	Treflan fb Authority + Valor + NIS	1 pt fb 2 oz + 2 oz + 1/4 %	PPI fb Post2	6.9 gh	16.3	4.9 a-d
27	Treflan fb Authority + Valor + NIS	1 pt fb 2 oz + 2 oz + 1/4 %	PPI fb Post3	13.4 ef	19.4	2.9 efg
28	Treflan fb Authority+NIS fb Valor+NIS	1 pt fb 2 oz + 1/4 % fb 2 oz + 1/4 %	PPI fb Post2 fb Post3	10.2 fg	16.0	3.1 def
29	Treflan fb Valor+NIS fb Authority+NIS	1 pt fb 2 oz + 1/4 % fb 2 oz + 1/4 %	PPI fb Post2 fb Post3	6.5 gh	19.1	5.7 abc
30	Authority + NIS fb Stinger	2 oz + 1/4 % fb 1/3 pt	Post2 fb Post4	21.1 a-d	16.5	1.5 fg
31	Treflan fb Dacthal fb Stinger	1 pt fb 8 lbs fb 1/3 pt	PPI fb Post1 fb Post4	23.6 ab	22.9	1.9 fg
32	Treflan fb Goal 2XL	1 pt fb 2 pt	PPI fb PRE	21.8 abc	21.9	2.0 fg
33	Hand weeded check			21.1 a-d	28.6	2.7 efg

Probability				<.0001	0.1	<.0001
C.V. (%)				24	39	37

²Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.

Soil:	Embden loam and Gardena loam ; pH=6.9; 2.6% organic matter; soil-P and soil-K was very high; soil-S was low.
Previous crops:	2004 - field corn; 2003 - sweet corn; 2002 - pumpkin.
Seedbed preparation:	Chisel plow on April 14. Disked on April 19. Direct seeded cabbage. Multiweeded (field cultivated) twice on April 21 to incorporate herbicides. Transplanted cabbage. Multiweeded once May 5 to smooth seed bed and three times on May 31; once to breakup crust and twice to incorporate herbicide treatments.
Planting:	Direct seeded cabbage. Planted 'Bronco' cabbage on April 21 with a Monosem precision vacuum planter set to plant a row of barley cover crop (0.45 bu/acre) between and parallel to the cabbage rows. Cabbage seeds were spaced about 7 inches apart in 18-inch rows. Plants were later thinned to 14 inches apart (about 25,000 plants/acre). Seeds were placed 1/2 to 3/4 inches deep into a flat, fine seedbed. Transplanted cabbage. Started transplants in the greenhouse on April 1. Transplanted 'Bronco' cabbage on May 31 and June 1 in 18-inch rows. In-row spacing was about 12 inches. A barley cover crop (18-inch rows, 0.45 bu/acre) was planted prior to transplanting cabbage.
Plots:	Each plot was 6 ft wide by 17 ft long. There was a 2-ft border between plots. The direct seeded and the transplanted cabbage study each had 4 reps.
Fertilizer:	On April 15 broadcast 26 lbs N/acre and 30 lbs S/acre as 21-0-0-24. Fertigate 40 lbs N/acre on June 18 and 50 lbs N/acre on July 7 as 28-0-0.
Irrigation:	Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed.
Pest Control:	Treflan (1 pt/acre preplant incorporated) was applied to the direct seeded study on April 21. Fusilade + NIS (12 oz/acre + 0.5% v/v) was applied to the both studies on June 8 and June 24 to kill the barley cover crop and any grass weeds. See Table 50 and Table 53 for additional weed control treatments. Check plots were hand weeded. Sprayed Sevin XLR (1 qt/acre on June 8 and June 16) to control flea beetle. Sprayed Asana (8 oz/acre on July 1 and August 18), DiPel (1 lb/acre on July 6, July 14, July 20, July 27 and August 10) and Warrior (2.5 oz/acre on August 3) to control cabbage looper and cabbage worm.
Harvest:	Harvested direct-seeded cabbage on September 7 and transplanted cabbage on September 20 and 21. Harvest area was a 10-foot section from the middle two rows.

Application timing	Date	Time	Barley height	Cabbage height	Cabbage growth stage	Weed height	Weed growth stage

Direct-seeded study
PRE	April 21	2:55 pm	0	0	0	0	0
Post1	May 26	9:20 am	5"	2"	2 lf	1/2 to1"	2 to 4 lf
Post2	June 6	4:35 pm	7"	5"	4 lf	1 to 2"	2 to 8 lf

Transplanted study
PPI	May 31	9:40 am	0	0	0	0	0
PRE	May 31	12:00 pm	0	0	0	0	0
Post1	June 2	4:30 pm	0	2.5"	2 lf	0	0
Post2	June 9	11:00 am	2.5"	2.5"	3 lf	<1/2"	cot.
Post3	June 22	9:30 am	6"	4"	6 lf	1/2 to 3"	3 to 12 lf
Post4	June 27	3:00 pm	7"	5"	7 lf	1 to 3"	2 to 10 lf

Treatment Number	Herbicides	Rates	Application timing¹	Number of heads	Yield	Head size
				1000s/A	tons/A	lbs/head

1	Dacthal fb Stinger	10 lbs fb 1/3 pt	PRE fb Post2	20.2 cd³	29.7 bc	3.0
2	Dacthal fb Valor	10 lbs fb 2 oz	PRE fb Post2	18.5 de	29.4 bc	3.2
3	Dacthal fb Valor+NIS	10 lbs fb 2 oz+1/4 %	PRE fb Post2	13.8 ef	22.7 d	3.3
4	Authority	2 oz	Post1	25.0 ac	39.2 a	3.3
5	Authority+NIS	2 oz + 1/4 %	Post1	21.1 bd	26.5 cd	2.6
6	Authority fb Stinger	2 oz fb 1/3 pt	Post1 fb Post2	27.2 a	41.2 a	3.0
7	Authority+NIS fb Stinger	2 oz + 1/4 % fb 1/3 pt	Post1 fb Post2	18.9 de	24.9 cd	2.7
8	Authority fb Valor	2 oz fb 2 oz	Post1 fb Post2	20.3 cd	33.9 b	3.3
9	Authority+NIS fb Valor+NIS	2 oz+1/4 % fb 2 oz +1/4 %	Post1 fb Post2	11.3 f	16.7 e	3.1
10	Hand weeded check			26.1 ab	40.4 a	3.1

Probability				<.0001	<.0001	0.51
C.V. (%)				18	12	17