Oakes Irrigation Research
Site
Carrington Research Extension Center * North Dakota State University
P.O. Box 531, Oakes, ND 58474-0531, Voice: (701) 742-2189, FAX: (701)
742-2700, email: rgreenla@ndsuext.nodak.edu
HERBICIDE SCREENING FOR VEGETABLES AND LIVING MULCHES
Table 71. Herbicide application timings to crops and living mulches
Table 72. Stand and injury ratings taken on July 12 for crops and living mulches planted on June 18
Table 73. Stand and injury ratings taken on August 2 for crops and living mulches planted on June 18
Table 74. Stand and injury ratings taken on August 2 for crops and living mulches planted on July 1
A complicating factor in growing living mulches in vegetables is the control of weeds. Selection of herbicides or hand weeding is easier when a living mulch is not present. Few herbicides are available for vegetable production. Of those that are available, many will kill a living mulch planted with the vegetable. The challenge is to find herbicides that will not injure the vegetable or living mulch, but that will control the weeds. Late in the season when the living mulch is well established it may suppress some weeds, but early in the season the living mulch cannot be counted on to suppress weeds. Even with the use of herbicides, some hand weeding will probably be necessary. Other weed control strategies may be needed in addition to herbicides and hand weeding. We did a very preliminary study screening herbicides for injury to vegetables and living mulches. Please note that these herbicides are not labeled for most of the vegetables or living mulches on which they were tested.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil: |
Maddock sandy loam; pH=7.5; 2.1% organic matter; soil-P was very high, soil-K was high; soil-S was low. |
Previous crops: |
2003 - cabbage; 2002 - sweetcorn; 2001 - pumpkin. |
Seedbed preparation: |
Disked on May 4. Multiweeded (field cultivated) on May 10 to incorporate fertilizer, June 14 to smooth seedbed, and twice on June 17 to incorporate herbicides. Rototilled lightly on July 19 to kill weeds and prepare seedbed in last section to be planted. |
Fertilizer: |
On April 15, broadcast 20 lbs N/acre and 24 lbs S/acre as 20-0-0-24. Applied 50 lbs N/acre on May 10. |
Planting: |
There were three planting dates: Carrot, onion, white clover, red clover, barley, sweetcorn, hairy vetch, and mustard were on June 17 and July 1; Millet, hairy vetch, white clover, and red clover were planted on July 17. All were planted with a Monosem planter using MS or NG units. |
Plots: |
Each plant plot was 160 feet long by one row wide. Herbicide plots were 6 ft wide and stripped, perpendicular, across plant plots. |
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
Herbicides varied greatly in their injury to the crops and living mulches tested. Treflan was safe on most plants. Callisto, Matrix, Accent, Raptor, and Surpass were safe on few, if any, plants. Valor and Authority were very injurious at some application times but caused little injury at other application times. Some herbicides that killed the clovers were safe on hairy vetch. Rototilling the soil before planting the latest planting reduced injury by many herbicides. This has application when the living mulch is planted later and the between row area is cultivated before planting.
Go to top of herbicide screening for vegetables and living mulches study
Table 71. Herbicide application timings to crops and living mulches at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site in 2004.
Application timing |
Date |
Time |
Height of crop or living mulch at time of application |
|||||||||
Carrot |
Onion |
White clover |
Red clover |
Barley |
Sweet corn |
Hairy vetch |
Mustard |
Millet |
||||
|
---------------------------------- inches ----------------------------------- |
|||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
PPI |
June 17 |
10:45 am |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
— |
|
|
||||||||||||
PRE |
June 18 |
2:50 pm |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
— |
|
|
||||||||||||
POST1 |
June 30 |
11:50 am |
¾ |
¾ |
¼ |
½ |
4 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2 |
— |
|
|
||||||||||||
POST2 |
July 13 |
10:55 am |
|
|||||||||
|
For crops planted on June 18 |
2 |
3 |
1.5 |
2.5 |
10 |
9 |
3 |
9 |
— |
||
For crops planted on July 1 |
½ |
½ |
¼ |
½ |
4 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
— |
|||
|
||||||||||||
POST3 |
July 29 |
3:20 pm |
|
|||||||||
|
For crops planted on June 18 |
6 |
4 |
2 |
4 |
24 |
18 |
15 |
32 |
— |
||
For crops planted on July 1 |
2 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
15 |
12 |
12 |
15 |
— |
|||
For crops planted on July 12 |
— |
— |
¼ |
⅓ |
— |
— |
2 |
— |
½ |
For the PPI, PRE, and POST1 application timing, height is for crops or living mulches planted on June 18.
Go to top of herbicide screening for vegetables and living mulches study
Table 72. Stand and injury ratings taken on July 12 for crops and living mulches planted on June 18, 2004.
Treatment |
Carrot |
Onion |
White clover |
Red clover |
Barley |
Sweetcorn |
Hairy vetch |
Mustard |
||||||||
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------- 0 to 101 ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
|||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
Treflan, 1 pt, PPI |
9 |
0 |
5 |
4 |
7 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
7 |
4 |
6 |
0 |
6 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
Sonalan, 2.5 pts, PPI |
5 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
2 |
5 |
8 |
4 |
0 |
10 |
8 |
0 |
7 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
Eradicane, 6 pts, PPI |
4 |
5 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
5 |
7 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
10 |
1 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
6 |
Balan, 3 pts, PPI |
9 |
1 |
7 |
5 |
6 |
3 |
8 |
1 |
8 |
4 |
8 |
1 |
8 |
2 |
7 |
4 |
Surpass, 2 pt, PPI |
2 |
5 |
5 |
7 |
2 |
7 |
2 |
6 |
8 |
4 |
7 |
2 |
9 |
0 |
4 |
5 |
Sonalan, 2.5 pts, PRE |
6 |
4 |
5 |
2 |
4 |
7 |
3 |
4 |
9 |
4 |
8 |
1 |
8 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
Authority, 2 oz, PRE |
2 |
6 |
0 |
10 |
8 |
6 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
2 |
9 |
1 |
3 |
6 |
Valor, 2 oz, PRE |
1 |
9 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
7 |
5 |
9 |
3 |
7 |
2 |
1 |
6 |
Goal, ½ pt, PRE |
6 |
3 |
5 |
3 |
0 |
10 |
7 |
3 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
6 |
7 |
5 |
8 |
2 |
Surpass, 1¼ pt, PRE |
4 |
6 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
8 |
1 |
9 |
3 |
5 |
7 |
3 |
3 |
5 |
8 |
4 |
Callisto, 6 oz, POST1 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
10 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
10 |
10 |
2 |
7 |
1 |
2 |
9 |
5 |
7 |
Raptor, 10 oz, POST1 |
9 |
4 |
2 |
8 |
7 |
5 |
7 |
6 |
5 |
7 |
1 |
10 |
9 |
2 |
1 |
9 |
Matrix, 2 oz, POST1 |
3 |
8 |
4 |
7 |
1 |
9 |
2 |
8 |
2 |
8 |
8 |
3 |
7 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
Accent, 1⅓ oz, POST1 |
7 |
4 |
4 |
6 |
2 |
9 |
5 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
8 |
2 |
8 |
2 |
2 |
8 |
Kerb, 3 lbs, POST1 |
8 |
2 |
8 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
2 |
8 |
4 |
8 |
3 |
9 |
1 |
9 |
3 |
Authority, 4 oz, POST1 |
1 |
9 |
3 |
7 |
7 |
6 |
8 |
5 |
7 |
3 |
5 |
6 |
9 |
3 |
4 |
6 |
Valor, 4 oz, POST1 |
0 |
10 |
1 |
9 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
6 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
1Stand rating: 0 = no plants; 10 = perfect stand. Injury rating: 0 = no injury; 10 = all plants dead.
Go to top of herbicide screening for vegetables and living mulches study
Table 73. Stand and injury ratings taken on August 2 for crops and living mulches planted on June 18, 2004.
Treatment |
Carrot |
Onion |
White clover |
Red clover |
Barley |
Sweetcorn |
Hairy vetch |
Mustard |
||||||||
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------- 0 to 101 --------------------------------------------------------------- |
|||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
Treflan, 1 pt, PPI |
9 |
1 |
4 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
6 |
3 |
7 |
5 |
6 |
3 |
6 |
3 |
9 |
1 |
Sonalan, 2.5 pts, PPI |
5 |
2 |
0 |
10 |
4 |
3 |
6 |
2 |
0 |
10 |
7 |
0 |
7 |
3 |
7 |
3 |
Eradicane, 6 pts, PPI |
4 |
4 |
1 |
9 |
6 |
4 |
7 |
2 |
0 |
10 |
8 |
0 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
Balan, 3 pts, PPI |
9 |
0 |
7 |
2 |
6 |
4 |
7 |
3 |
8 |
5 |
8 |
4 |
6 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
Surpass, 2 pt, PPI |
3 |
6 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
7 |
3 |
6 |
3 |
5 |
4 |
Sonalan, 2.5 pts, PRE |
5 |
1 |
5 |
4 |
1 |
8 |
3 |
7 |
7 |
2 |
8 |
4 |
7 |
3 |
6 |
4 |
Authority, 2 oz, PRE |
2 |
7 |
0 |
10 |
9 |
1 |
4 |
4 |
6 |
4 |
8 |
1 |
9 |
1 |
5 |
4 |
Valor, 2 oz, PRE |
2 |
4 |
2 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
9 |
4 |
8 |
0 |
7 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
Goal, ½ pt, PRE |
9 |
1 |
7 |
0 |
2 |
6 |
6 |
3 |
5 |
5 |
7 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
9 |
5 |
Surpass, 1¼ pt, PRE |
3 |
4 |
0 |
10 |
2 |
7 |
1 |
7 |
3 |
6 |
7 |
3 |
4 |
6 |
9 |
3 |
Callisto, 6 oz, POST1 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
10 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
9 |
Raptor, 10 oz, POST1 |
4 |
6 |
0 |
10 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
4 |
3 |
8 |
0 |
10 |
7 |
4 |
0 |
10 |
Matrix, 2 oz, POST1 |
1 |
9 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
7 |
3 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
10 |
Accent, 1⅓ oz, POST1 |
5 |
3 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
8 |
1 |
7 |
4 |
0 |
10 |
Kerb, 3 lbs, POST1 |
5 |
3 |
7 |
6 |
7 |
4 |
7 |
3 |
1 |
5 |
7 |
2 |
7 |
0 |
9 |
1 |
Authority, 4 oz, POST1 |
9 |
2 |
0 |
10 |
6 |
4 |
7 |
3 |
8 |
3 |
7 |
1 |
8 |
2 |
8 |
5 |
Valor, 4 oz, POST1 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
9 |
4 |
7 |
0 |
4 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
Callisto, 3 oz, POST2 |
5 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
5 |
5 |
1 |
9 |
9 |
2 |
8 |
2 |
2 |
8 |
8 |
6 |
Raptor, 5 oz, POST2 |
6 |
6 |
3 |
5 |
7 |
5 |
8 |
5 |
2 |
8 |
7 |
6 |
8 |
2 |
5 |
9 |
Matrix, 1 oz, POST2 |
7 |
5 |
1 |
9 |
3 |
8 |
1 |
9 |
0 |
10 |
8 |
4 |
2 |
7 |
0 |
10 |
Accent, ⅔ oz, POST2 |
8 |
4 |
7 |
5 |
9 |
5 |
5 |
7 |
0 |
10 |
8 |
5 |
8 |
2 |
0 |
10 |
Authority, 2 oz, POST2 |
7 |
4 |
7 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
8 |
3 |
10 |
0 |
9 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
10 |
1 |
Valor, 2 oz, POST2 |
9 |
1 |
9 |
1 |
5 |
4 |
9 |
1 |
10 |
1 |
9 |
1 |
8 |
4 |
0 |
10 |
Stinger, ½ pt, POST3 |
8 |
7 |
8 |
2 |
7 |
7 |
8 |
5 |
10 |
2 |
8 |
5 |
8 |
4 |
10 |
3 |
Authority, 2 oz, POST3 |
9 |
2 |
8 |
3 |
9 |
2 |
9 |
2 |
10 |
2 |
8 |
6 |
8 |
4 |
10 |
4 |
Valor, 2 oz, POST3 |
8 |
2 |
8 |
4 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
3 |
10 |
4 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
4 |
10 |
1 |
1Stand rating: 0 = no plants; 10 = perfect stand. Injury rating: 0 = no injury; 10 = all plants dead.
Go to top of herbicide screening for vegetables and living mulches study
Table 74. Stand and injury ratings taken on August 2 for crops and living mulches planted on July 1, 2004.
Treatment |
Carrot |
Onion |
White clover |
Red clover |
Barley |
Sweetcorn |
Hairy vetch |
Mustard |
||||||||
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------- 0 to 101 --------------------------------------------------------------- |
|||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
Treflan, 1 pt, PPI |
8 |
1 |
7 |
3 |
9 |
2 |
8 |
1 |
9 |
1 |
8 |
3 |
6 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
Sonalan, 2.5 pts, PPI |
7 |
3 |
7 |
2 |
5 |
4 |
9 |
1 |
8 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
7 |
3 |
8 |
3 |
Eradicane, 6 pts, PPI |
6 |
5 |
6 |
3 |
8 |
3 |
8 |
2 |
9 |
3 |
8 |
1 |
7 |
3 |
7 |
4 |
Balan, 3 pts, PPI |
5 |
5 |
8 |
2 |
9 |
3 |
9 |
3 |
9 |
4 |
8 |
3 |
7 |
4 |
8 |
2 |
Surpass, 2 pt, PPI |
7 |
3 |
8 |
3 |
7 |
3 |
7 |
4 |
9 |
4 |
7 |
2 |
6 |
3 |
8 |
1 |
Sonalan, 2.5 pts, PRE |
5 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
8 |
4 |
9 |
4 |
9 |
3 |
7 |
5 |
7 |
1 |
8 |
2 |
Authority, 2 oz, PRE |
5 |
5 |
7 |
4 |
8 |
2 |
7 |
3 |
9 |
2 |
8 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
9 |
1 |
Valor, 2 oz, PRE |
5 |
3 |
5 |
3 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
9 |
2 |
8 |
4 |
6 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
Goal, ½ pt, PRE |
8 |
3 |
7 |
2 |
5 |
5 |
8 |
2 |
10 |
1 |
6 |
5 |
7 |
5 |
8 |
3 |
Surpass, 1¼ pt, PRE |
7 |
3 |
6 |
3 |
9 |
2 |
3 |
5 |
10 |
0 |
8 |
2 |
6 |
2 |
7 |
3 |
Callisto, 6 oz, POST1 |
7 |
5 |
6 |
3 |
2 |
7 |
0 |
10 |
10 |
1 |
8 |
2 |
4 |
7 |
0 |
10 |
Raptor, 10 oz, POST1 |
8 |
3 |
8 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
7 |
3 |
0 |
10 |
6 |
5 |
7 |
3 |
1 |
8 |
Matrix, 2 oz, POST1 |
7 |
8 |
4 |
7 |
0 |
10 |
1 |
8 |
0 |
10 |
6 |
6 |
5 |
8 |
0 |
10 |
Accent, 1⅓ oz, POST1 |
9 |
6 |
4 |
6 |
0 |
10 |
3 |
8 |
0 |
10 |
8 |
1 |
8 |
4 |
0 |
10 |
Kerb, 3 lbs, POST1 |
8 |
2 |
2 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
6 |
3 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
4 |
2 |
0 |
10 |
Authority, 4 oz, POST1 |
5 |
3 |
7 |
3 |
6 |
3 |
8 |
2 |
9 |
3 |
8 |
2 |
8 |
1 |
8 |
5 |
Valor, 4 oz, POST1 |
2 |
4 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
8 |
1 |
8 |
7 |
4 |
8 |
1 |
6 |
5 |
0 |
10 |
Callisto, 3 oz, POST2 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
1 |
8 |
0 |
10 |
8 |
2 |
7 |
4 |
0 |
10 |
8 |
7 |
Raptor, 5 oz, POST2 |
3 |
7 |
4 |
9 |
7 |
5 |
8 |
5 |
5 |
9 |
3 |
8 |
6 |
3 |
0 |
10 |
Matrix, 1 oz, POST2 |
5 |
9 |
0 |
10 |
2 |
9 |
1 |
9 |
0 |
10 |
8 |
3 |
7 |
4 |
0 |
10 |
Accent, ⅔ oz, POST2 |
7 |
3 |
2 |
8 |
3 |
7 |
2 |
8 |
5 |
9 |
7 |
5 |
7 |
1 |
0 |
10 |
Authority, 2 oz, POST2 |
3 |
6 |
4 |
5 |
9 |
4 |
8 |
4 |
9 |
2 |
8 |
3 |
8 |
2 |
8 |
4 |
Valor, 2 oz, POST2 |
3 |
5 |
6 |
3 |
0 |
10 |
0 |
10 |
9 |
3 |
8 |
1 |
5 |
2 |
0 |
10 |
Stinger, ½ pt, POST3 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
4 |
6 |
7 |
6 |
6 |
9 |
3 |
8 |
5 |
5 |
9 |
6 |
3 |
Authority, 2 oz, POST3 |
7 |
4 |
7 |
2 |
9 |
5 |
9 |
4 |
9 |
4 |
7 |
6 |
8 |
5 |
7 |
5 |
Valor, 2 oz, POST3 |
8 |
2 |
8 |
4 |
9 |
2 |
9 |
2 |
10 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
8 |
4 |
7 |
4 |
1Stand rating: 0 = no plants; 10 = perfect stand. Injury rating: 0 = no injury; 10 = all plants dead.
Go to top of herbicide screening for vegetables and living mulches study
Table 75. Stand and injury ratings taken on August 18 for crops and living mulches planted on July 19, 2004.
Treatment |
Millet |
Hairy vetch |
White clover |
Red clover |
||||
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
stand |
injury |
|
|
------------------------------------- 0 to 101 ------------------------------------- |
|||||||
|
||||||||
Treflan, 1 pt, PPI |
7 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
6 |
2 |
6 |
1 |
Sonalan, 2.5 pts, PPI |
5 |
3 |
7 |
1 |
7 |
3 |
7 |
2 |
Eradicane, 6 pts, PPI |
9 |
0 |
8 |
0 |
7 |
3 |
8 |
2 |
Balan, 3 pts, PPI |
8 |
0 |
8 |
1 |
4 |
4 |
7 |
3 |
Surpass, 2 pt, PPI |
8 |
1 |
8 |
1 |
4 |
3 |
8 |
2 |
Sonalan, 2.5 pts, PRE |
5 |
3 |
7 |
1 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
3 |
Authority, 2 oz, PRE |
4 |
3 |
8 |
2 |
4 |
6 |
5 |
3 |
Valor, 2 oz, PRE |
5 |
2 |
6 |
0 |
5 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
Goal, ½ pt, PRE |
4 |
3 |
6 |
1 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
5 |
Surpass, 1¼ pt, PRE |
7 |
1 |
6 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
5 |
Callisto, 6 oz, POST1 |
9 |
1 |
6 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
6 |
3 |
Raptor, 10 oz, POST1 |
9 |
0 |
8 |
1 |
4 |
7 |
8 |
3 |
Matrix, 2 oz, POST1 |
8 |
8 |
9 |
6 |
0 |
10 |
4 |
9 |
Accent, 1⅓ oz, POST1 |
7 |
5 |
9 |
5 |
1 |
9 |
4 |
9 |
Kerb, 3 lbs, POST1 |
6 |
0 |
8 |
0 |
2 |
4 |
6 |
3 |
Authority, 4 oz, POST1 |
8 |
0 |
7 |
2 |
6 |
3 |
8 |
3 |
Valor, 4 oz, POST1 |
7 |
0 |
8 |
2 |
5 |
5 |
6 |
2 |
Callisto, 3 oz, POST2 |
7 |
0 |
6 |
4 |
3 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
Raptor, 5 oz, POST2 |
7 |
1 |
7 |
2 |
4 |
6 |
5 |
3 |
Matrix, 1 oz, POST2 |
3 |
9 |
6 |
5 |
1 |
9 |
1 |
9 |
Accent, ⅔ oz, POST2 |
7 |
5 |
6 |
4 |
2 |
9 |
3 |
7 |
Authority, 2 oz, POST2 |
8 |
2 |
7 |
1 |
5 |
3 |
8 |
3 |
Valor, 2 oz, POST2 |
8 |
0 |
8 |
1 |
5 |
4 |
8 |
1 |
Stinger, ½ pt, POST3 |
6 |
1 |
1 |
9 |
1 |
9 |
0 |
10 |
Authority, 2 oz, POST3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
2 |
1 |
9 |
3 |
6 |
Valor, 2 oz, POST3 |
4 |
4 |
2 |
4 |
0 |
10 |
1 |
7 |
1Stand rating: 0 = no plants; 10 = perfect stand. Injury rating: 0 = no injury; 10 = all plants dead.
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