Oakes Irrigation Research
Site
Carrington Research Extension Center * North Dakota State University
P.O. Box 531, Oakes, ND 58474-0531, Voice: (701) 742-2189, FAX: (701)
742-2700, email: rgreenla@ndsuext.nodak.edu
Richard Greenland
Table 55. Treatment application data
Table 56. Carrot root characteristics
Table 57. Crop injury by herbicides
Table 58. Hairy nightshade, eastern black nightshade, and purslane control by herbicides
Table 59. Number of roots and yield of carrots
Only a few herbicides are available for weed control in carrots. Treflan, Lorox, Poast and Fusilade are the most commonly used. In this study we evaluated several new herbicides and herbicide combinations for use in carrots.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil: |
Hecla sandy loam and Embden sandy loam; pH=7.1; 2.5% organic matter; soil-P was very high; soil-K was medium; soil-S was low. |
Previous crop: |
2003 - potato; 2002 - cabbage, carrot, edible bean, field corn, onion, potato, soybean, sugar beet, sweetcorn and wheat; 2001 - field corn. |
Seedbed Preparation: |
Disked on April 2 and on May 26. Multiweeded (field cultivated) three times on May 27 -- once to smooth the seedbed and incorporate the fertilizer, and twice to incorporate herbicides. |
Planting: |
Direct seeded ‘Niagra’ carrots on May 27 with a Monosem precision vacuum planter set to plant a row of barley cover crop between and parallel to the carrot rows. Carrot planting pattern was 3 lines per row (2 inches between lines in the row) with rows on 18-inch centers. Planting rate was about 800,000 seeds/acre for carrot and 0.45 bu/acre for barley. |
Plots: |
Plots were 17 ft long by 6 ft wide with a 2-ft border between plots. There were 4 reps. |
Fertilizer: |
On April 15 broadcast 20 lbs N/acre and 24 lbs S/acre as 20-0-0-24. Applied 50 lbs N/acre on May 27 and 60 lbs N/acre on July 15 as 28-0-0 |
Irrigation: |
Surface drip irrigation as needed. |
Pest control: |
Treflan (1.5 pt/acre preplant incorporated on May 27) and Fusilade + NIS (12 oz/acre + 0.5% v/v on June 19) were applied to all plots. Check plots were hand weeded. See Table 57 for other weed control treatments. Sprayed Baythroid (2.8 oz/acre on August 2, August 12 and August 19) to control leafhopper. |
Harvest: |
Carrots were harvested September 16 to September 20. Harvest area was a 3-ft section from the center two rows from each plot. |
Surpass reduced carrot stand and slightly injured carrots when applied PRE or at the high (1.5 pt) rate when applied PPI. It gave good control of nightshade early but lost its effectiveness as the season progressed. Surpass reduced carrot number, yield, length, and size. Valor reduced carrot stand, especially at the 1 oz rate applied PRE. It gave poor to fair control of hairy nightshade. The reduced stand and failure to control nightshade resulted in carrot number and yield reductions. Balance Pro applied POST2 or POST3 did not injure carrots or reduce carrot stand. But it did not control nightshade either, causing reduction of carrot yield, size, and length. Callisto yellowed, bleached and burned the carrot leaves when applied postemergence, which reduced carrot yield. It gave excellent control of nightshade. Authority caused minor injury to carrots but they recovered quickly. It only gave fair to poor control of nightshade, resulting in reduced carrot yield and root size. Lorox did not injure carrot. It did not control nightshade when applied only PRE, but it gave excellent nightshade control when applied both PRE and POST. Dacthal, in combination with Lorox, also controlled nightshade. Lorox applied both PRE and POST, and the Lorox/Dacthal combinations gave the highest carrot numbers, yield, and root size. None of the new herbicides performed as well as the standards.
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Table 55. Treatment application data for the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2004 carrot weed control study.
Application timing |
Date |
Time |
Barley height |
Carrot height |
Carrot growth stage |
Weed height |
Weed growth stage |
|
|||||||
PPI |
May 27 |
10:55 am |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
PRE |
May 27 |
4:40 pm |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
POST1 |
June 10 |
9:55 am |
2" |
0 |
0 |
¼” |
cot to 2 lf |
POST2 |
June 30 |
10:30 am |
4"(dying) |
3" |
3 lf |
1 to 6" |
4 to 10 lf |
POST3 |
July 9 |
2:25 pm |
— |
6" |
5 lf |
up to 12" |
begin bloom |
Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using AI 110-04 flat fan nozzles, 45 gpa, at 57 psi. Weed ratings were taken on June 29, July 14, August 3.
Treflan (1.5 pt/acre on May 27) and Fusilade + NIS (12 oz/acre + 0.5% v/v on June 17) were applied to entire study.
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Table 56. Carrot root characteristics for the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2004 carrot weed control study.
Treatment number1 |
Average root length |
Average root size |
Multiple root |
US #1 yield |
Uniformity |
Overall score |
|
inches |
oz/root |
---------- % --------- |
1 to 5 |
1 to 10 |
|
|
||||||
1 |
5.6 hi2 |
2.7 def |
26 b-f |
62 |
2.4 a-d |
6.4 a-e |
2 |
5.6 hi |
3.5 def |
30 def |
57 |
2.3 b-e |
6.1 cde |
3 |
6.0 f-i |
4.2 c-f |
34 ef |
62 |
2.4 a-d |
6.5 a-e |
4 |
5.8 hi |
4.4 cde |
27 b-f |
70 |
2.3 b-e |
6.1 cde |
5 |
5.8 hi |
2.4 ef |
11 abc |
63 |
2.4 a-d |
6.3 b-e |
6 |
6.3 d-h |
2.1 ef |
0 a |
79 |
2.4 a-d |
6.1 cde |
7 |
6.1 f-i |
3.2 def |
10 ab |
83 |
2.0 de |
6.0 ef |
8 |
6.5 c-h |
7.7 ab |
45 f |
45 |
1.9 e |
5.6 f |
9 |
7.1 a-e |
8.2 a |
32 def |
65 |
2.4 a-d |
6.4 a-e |
10 |
7.2 a-d |
7.6 ab |
28 b-f |
69 |
2.6 ab |
6.5 a-d |
11 |
7.6 ab |
6.5 abc |
28 b-f |
66 |
2.9 a |
6.6 abc |
12 |
6.8 a-g |
4.0 c-f |
19 a-e |
70 |
2.6 ab |
6.5 a-d |
13 |
6.9 a-f |
5.2 cd |
22 b-e |
71 |
2.6 ab |
6.6 ab |
14 |
6.2 e-h |
4.1 c-f |
20 a-e |
73 |
2.5 abc |
6.4 a-e |
15 |
7.4 abc |
6.4 abc |
29 c-f |
64 |
2.5 abc |
6.4 a-e |
16 |
6.6 b-h |
4.0 c-f |
17 a-e |
72 |
2.4 a-d |
6.5 a-e |
17 |
6.3 d-h |
3.9 def |
17 a-e |
61 |
2.1 cde |
6.4 a-e |
18 |
6.0 f-i |
3.6 def |
24 b-e |
63 |
2.4 a-d |
6.4 a-e |
19 |
5.9 ghi |
3.0 def |
22 b-e |
72 |
2.5 abc |
6.5 a-d |
20 |
5.2 i |
1.8 f |
12 a-d |
72 |
2.0 de |
6.0 def |
21 |
6.9 a-f |
4.9 cd |
25 b-e |
68 |
2.6 ab |
6.6 ab |
22 |
7.7 a |
5.3 bcd |
24 b-e |
74 |
2.8 a |
6.8 a |
|
||||||
Probability |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
0.04 |
0.13 |
0.006 |
0.009 |
C.V. (%) |
11 |
36 |
58 |
19 |
13 |
5 |
1See Table 57 for weed control treatments.
2Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05
level. No significant differences between values in column without letters.
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Table 57. Crop injury by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2004 carrot weed control study.
Treat- ment no. |
Herbicide(s) |
Application Rate |
Application timing1 |
Crop Injury |
Stand rating |
|||
June 29 |
July 14 |
Aug 3 |
June 29 |
July 14 |
||||
|
------------------------------ 0 to 102 ------------------------------ |
|||||||
|
||||||||
1 |
Surpass |
1 pt |
PPI |
1.5 d3 |
0.3 ab |
0.0 a |
6.8 abc |
7.5 abc |
2 |
Surpass |
1.5 pt |
PPI |
2.5 e |
1.3 cd |
0.0 a |
5.8 cd |
6.8 cde |
3 |
Surpass |
1 pt |
PRE |
3.3 e |
2.8 e |
0.0 a |
3.0 e |
5.0 gh |
4 |
Surpass |
1.5 pt |
PRE |
3.3 e |
1.5 cd |
0.0 a |
3.5 e |
4.8 h |
5 |
Lorox |
1 lb |
PRE |
0.8 a-d |
0.0 a |
0.0 a |
7.3 ab |
7.8 ab |
6 |
Lorox |
1.5 lbs |
PRE |
0.8 a-d |
0.0 a |
0.0 a |
7.3 ab |
7.5 abc |
7 |
Valor |
0.5 oz |
PRE |
0.3 ab |
0.3 ab |
0.0 a |
5.0 d |
5.8 fg |
8 |
Valor |
1 oz |
PRE |
0.8 a-d |
0.3 ab |
0.0 a |
3.8 e |
4.3 h |
9 |
Lorox + Dacthal |
1 lb + 8 lbs |
PRE + POST1 |
1.3 cd |
0.0 a |
0.0 a |
7.0 ab |
7.5 abc |
10 |
Dacthal + Lorox |
8 lbs + 1 lb |
POST1 + POST2 |
0.5 abc |
0.0 a |
0.0 a |
7.3 ab |
7.8 ab |
11 |
Lorox + Lorox |
1 lb + 1.5 lbs |
PRE + POST2 |
0.6 a-d |
0.0 a |
0.0 a |
8.0 a |
8.3 a |
12 |
Lorox + Authority |
1 lb + 2 oz |
PRE + POST2 |
0.8 a-d |
1.3 cd |
0.0 a |
6.3 bc |
6.5 def |
13 |
Lorox + Valor |
1 lb + 2 oz |
PRE + POST2 |
0.3 ab |
4.0 f |
0.0 a |
7.3 ab |
6.5 def |
14 |
Lorox + Balance Pro |
1 lb + 1 oz |
PRE + POST2 |
0.0 a |
2.8 e |
0.0 a |
7.0 ab |
7.3 bcd |
15 |
Lorox + Callisto |
1 lb + 3 oz |
PRE + POST2 |
0.5 abc |
5.8 g |
2.8 c |
7.5 a |
6.3 ef |
16 |
Valor + Valor |
0.5 oz + 1.5 oz |
PRE + POST3 |
1.0 a-d |
2.7 e |
0.3 ab |
8.1 a |
7.6 abc |
17 |
Valor + Authority |
0.5 oz + 2 oz |
PRE + POST3 |
0.8 a-d |
2.8 e |
0.0 a |
6.8 abc |
7.3 bcd |
18 |
Lorox + Authority |
1 lb + 2 oz |
PRE + POST3 |
0.5 abc |
2.5 e |
0.0 a |
7.8 a |
8.3 a |
19 |
Lorox + Valor |
1 lb + 2 oz |
PRE + POST3 |
0.3 ab |
2.8 e |
0.8 b |
7.3 ab |
7.3 bcd |
20 |
Lorox + Balance Pro |
1 lb + 1 oz |
PRE + POST3 |
1.0 bcd |
2.0 de |
0.0 a |
7.0 ab |
7.8 ab |
21 |
Lorox + Callisto |
1 lb + 3 oz |
PRE + POST3 |
0.8 a-d |
2.5 e |
3.8 d |
8.0 a |
8.3 a |
22 |
Hand weeded check |
0.8 a-d |
1.0 bc |
0.8 b |
8.0 a |
7.8 ab |
||
|
||||||||
Probability |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
|||
C.V. (%) |
68 |
37 |
103 |
13 |
10 |
|||
1See Table 55 for explanation of application timings.
2Crop injury ratings are from 0 to 10: 0 = no crop injury, 10 = all carrots dead. For stand ratings: 0 = no plants, 10 = perfect stand.
3Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.
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Table 58. Hairy nightshade, eastern black nightshade, and purslane control by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2004 carrot weed control study.
Treatment number1 |
Hairy nightshade |
Eastern black nightshade |
Common purslane |
||||||
June 29 |
July 14 |
Aug 3 |
June 29 |
July 14 |
Aug 3 |
June 29 |
July 14 |
Aug 3 |
|
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 to 102 ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
||||||||
|
|||||||||
1 |
7.5 bcd3 |
6.3 e-h |
4.0 def |
8.8 a-e |
8.0 def |
5.8 h |
9.5 |
9.5 ab |
10.0 a |
2 |
7.8 a-d |
6.0 f-i |
3.3 def |
9.5 ab |
9.3 abc |
8.3 b-f |
9.5 |
9.3 b |
9.8 a |
3 |
8.3 abc |
7.0 d-g |
4.8 cd |
9.8 a |
9.0 a-d |
7.5 d-g |
9.8 |
9.3 b |
9.5 a |
4 |
8.3 abc |
7.3 c-g |
3.8 def |
9.8 a |
9.3 abc |
8.5 a-f |
10.0 |
9.8 ab |
9.8 a |
5 |
6.3 cde |
4.3 hi |
3.5 def |
7.8 ef |
8.0 def |
6.3 gh |
10.0 |
9.8 ab |
10.0 a |
6 |
6.3 cde |
4.5 hi |
3.0 def |
8.8 a-e |
7.8 ef |
7.5 d-g |
9.8 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
7 |
6.0 de |
4.0 i |
1.8 f |
9.0 a-d |
8.5 cde |
8.3 b-f |
9.8 |
9.8 ab |
10.0 a |
8 |
8.5 ab |
7.0 d-g |
5.3 cd |
9.3 abc |
8.8 b-e |
7.3 e-h |
9.8 |
9.8 ab |
9.5 a |
9 |
9.8 a |
9.8 a |
9.3 ab |
9.8 a |
9.5 abc |
8.8 a-e |
10.0 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10 |
9.8 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9.8 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
11 |
6.9 b-e |
9.8 ab |
9.2 ab |
7.9 def |
9.9 ab |
9.3 abc |
10.0 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
12 |
6.5 b-e |
7.5 b-g |
4.5 de |
8.0 def |
9.5 abc |
7.0 fgh |
9.5 |
9.3 b |
9.5 a |
13 |
6.0 de |
9.3 abc |
8.5 ab |
8.5 b-f |
10.0 a |
9.8 ab |
9.8 |
10.0 a |
9.5 a |
14 |
7.3 b-e |
7.5 b-g |
4.5 de |
8.5 b-f |
9.0 a-d |
7.5 d-g |
9.3 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
15 |
7.0 b-e |
10.0 a |
9.8 a |
8.8 a-e |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9.5 |
8.5 c |
5.5 c |
16 |
6.1 de |
8.4 a-e |
5.0 cd |
8.2 c-f |
9.6 abc |
9.2 abc |
9.4 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
17 |
6.3 cde |
7.0 d-g |
5.0 cd |
8.8 a-e |
9.8 ab |
7.8 c-g |
10.0 |
9.8 ab |
9.5 a |
18 |
6.8 b-e |
8.0 a-f |
4.3 de |
8.0 def |
9.8 ab |
7.3 e-h |
9.3 |
9.5 ab |
10.0 a |
19 |
8.0 a-d |
8.5 a-d |
7.0 bc |
8.0 def |
9.5 abc |
9.0 a-d |
9.5 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
20 |
5.3 e |
4.8 hi |
2.3 ef |
8.5 b-f |
7.0 f |
8.5 a-f |
10.0 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
21 |
6.3 cde |
5.8 ghi |
10.0 a |
8.3 c-f |
8.5 cde |
9.8 ab |
9.8 |
10.0 a |
7.8 b |
22 |
5.3 e |
6.0 f-i |
10.0 a |
7.5 f |
7.8 ef |
9.8 ab |
9.0 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
|
|||||||||
Probability |
0.0002 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
0.0008 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
0.16 |
0.0004 |
<0.0001 |
C.V. (%) |
20 |
21 |
29 |
10 |
9 |
13 |
5 |
5 |
7 |
1See Table 57 for weed control treatments.
2Ratings are from 0 to 10: 0 = no weed control, 10 = complete weed control.
3Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. No significant differences
between values in column without letters.
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Table 59. Number of roots and yield of carrots in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2004 carrot weed control study.
Treatment number1 |
Number of carrot roots (by carrot diameter) |
Carrot yield (by carrot diameter) |
||||||
>1.5" |
1 to 1.5" |
US #1 |
total |
>1.5" |
1 to 1.5" |
US #1 |
total |
|
|
------------------------ 1000s/acre ---------------------------- |
---------------------------- tons/acre --------------------------- |
||||||
|
||||||||
1 |
27 g-j2 |
53 abc |
100 b-g |
182 a-e |
3.6 hij |
3.5 a-f |
8.1 e-h |
13.4 d-h |
2 |
36 e-i |
27 c-g |
64 e-h |
156 b-f |
6.0 e-j |
1.8 d-h |
7.8 e-h |
13.8 e-g |
3 |
33 e-j |
19 d-g |
54 f-i |
90 gj |
6.1 d-j |
1.1 e-h |
7.3 fgh |
11.8 fgh |
4 |
34 f-i |
19 efg |
53 ghi |
91 hi |
6.0 d-j |
1.3 e-h |
7.3 fgh |
11.1 fgh |
5 |
25 g-j |
29 c-g |
77 d-h |
144 d-h |
4.2 g-j |
2.0 c-h |
7.1 fgh |
9.6 fgh |
6 |
17 hij |
77 a |
112 b-e |
196 a-d |
2.5 hij |
4.5 ab |
7.5 e-h |
9.4 fgh |
7 |
17 ij |
23 c-g |
42 hi |
64 ij |
2.8 hij |
1.6 e-h |
4.5 gh |
6.3 gh |
8 |
8 ij |
2 g |
11 i |
30 j |
2.4 ij |
0.2 h |
2.5 h |
7.9 fgh |
9 |
92 abc |
10 fg |
107 b-f |
174 b-e |
25.6 b |
1.1 fgh |
26.7 b |
41.9 ab |
10 |
122 a |
24 c-g |
148 ab |
213 ab |
32.4 a |
2.2 b-h |
34.6 a |
50.6 a |
11 |
102 ab |
38 b-f |
148 ab |
212 abc |
27.0 ab |
3.0 a-g |
30.3 ab |
44.8 ab |
12 |
28 g-j |
50 a-d |
97 b-g |
140 d-h |
5.7 f-j |
4.1 abc |
10.5 c-g |
15.2 d-g |
13 |
58 d-f |
36 b-f |
102 b-f |
151 c-g |
12.6 cd |
2.8 b-g |
15.6 cd |
22.1 cde |
14 |
47 d-h |
33 c-f |
85 d-h |
137 d-h |
8.7 d-h |
2.7 b-g |
11.5 c-f |
15.3 def |
15 |
63 c-f |
21 efg |
85 d-h |
129 e-h |
15.8 c |
1.2 gh |
17.0 c |
26.3 c |
16 |
67 cde |
66 ab |
137 abc |
211 abc |
11.9 c-f |
5.3 a |
17.3 c |
23.8 cd |
17 |
36 e-i |
46 b-e |
86 c-h |
142 d-h |
6.5 e-i |
3.6 a-e |
10.2 d-g |
15.5 def |
18 |
69 bcd |
55 abc |
129 a-d |
211 abc |
10.3 c-g |
4.1 a-d |
14.7 cde |
23.2 cde |
19 |
33 e-j |
46 a-e |
117 bcd |
159 b-f |
5.6 e-j |
3.7 a-e |
11.0 c-g |
15.1 d-g |
20 |
2 j |
44 b-e |
59 fgh |
104 f-i |
0.2 j |
2.6 b-g |
3.2 h |
4.5 h |
21 |
54 d-g |
33 c-f |
99 b-g |
151 c-g |
12.1 cde |
2.5 b-g |
14.9 cd |
21.9 cde |
22 |
117 a |
44 a-e |
177 a |
246 a |
25.8 b |
3.7 a-e |
29.9 ab |
39.9 b |
|
||||||||
Probability |
<0.0001 |
0.002 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
0.004 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
C.V. (%) |
44 |
57 |
37 |
27 |
42 |
59 |
34 |
32 |
1See Table 57 for weed control treatments.
2Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.
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