Oakes Irrigation Research
Site
Carrington Research Extension Center * North Dakota State University
P.O. Box 531, Oakes, ND 58474-0531, Voice: (701) 742-2189, FAX: (701)
742-2700, email: rgreenla@ndsuext.nodak.edu
Richard Greenland
Table 48. Cabbage weed control treatment application data
Table 50. Injury to cabbage and control of hairy nightshade by herbicides in direct-seeded cabbage
Cabbage production has tremendous potential in North Dakota. A few farmers are growing cabbage but have difficulty controlling weeds because few herbicides are available for weed control in cabbage production. In these experiments we evaluated several herbicides and herbicide combinations for use in direct seeded and transplanted cabbage production.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil: |
Embden sandy loam and Hecla sandy loam; pH=7.1; 2.7% organic matter; soil-P was very high and soil-K was high; soil-S was low. |
Previous crops: |
2003 - potato and field corn; 2002 - cabbage, edible bean, field corn, potato, pumpkin, and soybean; 2001 - field corn and soybean. |
Seedbed preparation: |
Disked on April 13. Multiweeded (field cultivated) three times -- once on April 23 to incorporate fertilizer and twice on April 28 (direct seeded cabbage) or on May 6 (transplanted cabbage) to incorporate herbicides and to smooth the seed bed. |
Planting: |
Direct seeded cabbage. Planted ‘Bronco’ cabbage on April 28 with a Monosem precision vacuum planter set to plant a row of barley cover crop (0.45 bu/acre) between and parallel to the cabbage rows. Cabbage seeds were spaced about 7 inches apart in 18-inch rows. Plants were later thinned to 14 inches apart (about 25,000 plants/acre). Seeds were placed ½ to ¾ inches deep into a flat, fine seedbed. Transplanted cabbage. Started transplants in the greenhouse on April 8. Transplanted ‘Bronco’ cabbage on May 6 in 18-inch rows. In-row spacing was about 12 inches. A barley cover crop (18-inch rows, 0.45 bu/acre) was planted prior to transplanting cabbage. |
Plots: |
Each plot was 6 ft wide by 17 ft long. There was a 2-ft border between plots. The direct seeded and the transplanted cabbage study each had 4 reps. |
Fertilizer: |
On April 15 broadcast 20 lbs N/acre and 24 lbs S/acre as 20-0-0-24. Applied 50 lbs N/acre on April 23, 60 lbs N/acre on July 6, and 40 lbs N/acre on July 23 as 28-0-0. |
Irrigation: |
Surface drip irrigation as needed. |
Pest Control: |
Treflan (1 pt/acre preplant incorporated) was applied to the direct seeded study on April 28. Fusilade + NIS (12 oz/acre + 0.5%v/v) was applied to the both studies on June 9 and June 25 to kill the barley cover crop and any grass weeds. See Tables 49 and 52 for additional weed control treatments. Check plots were hand weeded. Sprayed Sevin (1 qt/acre on June 24) to control flea beetle. Sprayed Asana (6 oz/acre on June 14), DiPel (1 lb/acre on June 29, July 9, July 15, July 21, July 29 and August 4), and Warrior (3.8 oz/acre on August 11) to control cabbage looper and cabbage worm. |
Harvest: |
Harvested direct-seeded cabbage on September 8 and transplanted cabbage on September 8 and 9. Harvest area was a 10-foot section from the middle two rows. |
Direct-seeded cabbage: Surpass applied either PPI or PRE injured cabbage, gave fair to poor nightshade control, and reduced cabbage yield, head size, and number of heads. Valor burned the cabbage leaves, but the cabbage recovered and cabbage yield was not reduced. Valor gave excellent nightshade and lambsquarters control. Authority gave good control of lambsquarters but did not control nightshade, resulting in cabbage yield and head size reductions. Stinger gave good control of nightshade. Dacthal gave good control of nightshade and lambsquarters. Authority or Dacthal followed by Valor or Stinger gave the best weed control and highest cabbage yields.
Transplanted cabbage: Surpass injured both barley and cabbage, did not adequately control weeds, and eliminated cabbage yield. Treflan + Goal gave fair to good control of weeds, injured barley, and resulted in a slight cabbage yield reduction. Adding Stinger to the Treflan + Goal improved weed control and increased cabbage yield. Authority did not control nightshade, resulting in reduced cabbage yield and head size. Valor burned the cabbage leaves, but the cabbage recovered and yields were not reduced. Valor gave excellent control of nightshade and good control of lambsquarters. The best weed control and highest cabbage yields were when Authority and Valor were used together.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 48. Cabbage weed control treatment application data at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site in 2004.
Application timing |
Date |
Time |
Barley height |
Cabbage height |
Cabbage growth stage |
Weed height |
Weed growth stage |
|
|||||||
Direct-seeded study |
|||||||
PPI |
April 28 |
8:55 am |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
PRE |
May 6 |
9:55 am |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
PRE2 |
May 17 |
11:40 am |
3" |
0.5" |
cot |
¼ to ¾” |
cot to 2 lf |
POST1 |
June 10 |
10:30 am |
10" |
5" |
4 lf |
1 to 2” |
2 to 8 lf |
POST2 |
June 14 |
3:00 pm |
9"(dying) |
5" |
5 lf |
1 to 3" |
cot. to 10 lf |
|
|||||||
Transplanted study |
|||||||
PPI |
May 6 |
9:20 am |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
PRE |
May 6 |
11:25 am |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
POST1 |
May 10 |
9:10 am |
0 |
3.5" |
2 lf |
0 |
0 |
POST2 |
May 17 |
11:15 am |
1" |
3.5" |
2 lf |
<¼" |
cot. |
POST3 |
May 27 |
11:15 am |
4" |
3" |
2.5 lf |
½" |
cot to 2 lf |
POST4 |
June 10 |
9:35 am |
7" |
5" |
7 lf |
¼ to 2" |
cot to 4 lf |
Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using AI 110-04 flat fan nozzles, 45 gpa, at 57 psi. Weed ratings were taken in the direct seeded cabbage study on June 11, June 22, and July 20, and in the transplant cabbage study on June 9, June 24 and July 21.
In addition to the application times listed, all treatments in the direct-seeded study received Treflan @ 1 pt/acre PPI on April 28. Both studies received Fusilade + NIS (12 oz/acre + 0.5% v/v) on June 9 and June 25.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 49. Number of cabbage heads, yield, and head size as affected by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2004 weed control study in direct-seeded cabbage.
Treatment number |
Herbicides1 |
Rates per acre |
Application timing2 |
Number of heads |
Yield |
Head size |
|
1000s/acre |
tons/acre |
lbs/head |
|||
|
||||||
1 |
Surpass |
1 pt |
PPI |
6.2 bc3 |
5.5 d |
1.9 c |
2 |
Surpass |
2 pt |
PPI |
3.3 c |
5.0 d |
2.8 b |
3 |
Surpass |
1 pt |
PRE |
12.3 ab |
15.7 cd |
2.4 c |
4 |
Surpass |
2 pt |
PRE |
8.3 bc |
13.6 cd |
2.5 c |
5 |
Dacthal + Stinger |
10 lbs + 1/3 pt |
PRE2 + POST2 |
11.6 ab |
32.3 ab |
6.4 a |
6 |
Dacthal + Valor |
10 lbs + 2 oz |
PRE2 + POST2 |
11.6 ab |
30.4 ab |
5.3 ab |
7 |
Authority |
2 oz |
POST1 |
11.6 ab |
20.4 bc |
3.4 bc |
8 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST1 + POST2 |
17.1 a |
40.2 a |
5.1 ab |
9 |
Authority + Stinger |
2 oz + 1/3 pt |
POST1 + POST2 |
16.3 a |
38.9 a |
5.0 ab |
10 |
Hand weeded check |
16.7 a |
41.1 a |
5.1 ab |
||
|
||||||
Probability |
0.003 |
<0.0001 |
0.002 |
|||
C.V. (%) |
41 |
35 |
37 |
|||
1All treatments included Treflan @ 1 pt/acre applied preplant incorporated (PPI).
2See Table 48 for explanation of application timings.
3Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 50. Injury to cabbage and control of hairy nightshade by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2004 weed control study in direct-seeded cabbage.
Treatment number1 |
Barley injury June 11 |
Cabbage injury |
Cabbage stand July 20 |
Hairy nightshade control |
||||
June 11 |
June 22 |
July 20 |
June 11 |
June 22 |
July 20 |
|||
|
------------------------------------------------------------------ 0 to 102 ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
|||||||
|
||||||||
1 |
2.5 |
3.0 |
1.3 |
0.3 |
12.4 |
5.3 |
4.0 |
0.5 |
2 |
4.8 |
6.3 |
4.3 |
0.0 |
7.5 |
7.0 |
4.8 |
0.0 |
3 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
0.8 |
0.3 |
13.9 |
7.5 |
5.8 |
1.5 |
4 |
3.5 |
4.5 |
3.0 |
0.0 |
11.3 |
8.8 |
7.5 |
4.0 |
5 |
0.3 |
2.5 |
1.3 |
0.0 |
11.7 |
8.3 |
8.8 |
8.8 |
6 |
0.5 |
1.3 |
5.8 |
0.3 |
13.2 |
8.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
7 |
1.3 |
2.8 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
13.7 |
4.3 |
5.3 |
2.0 |
8 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
5.0 |
0.0 |
18.6 |
4.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
0.8 |
0.0 |
15.8 |
5.0 |
8.0 |
7.5 |
10 |
0.5 |
1.5 |
0.5 |
0.0 |
16.9 |
2.8 |
9.3 |
7.0 |
|
||||||||
Probability |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
0.24 |
0.04 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
LSD (0.05) |
1.4 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
— |
5.9 |
1.3 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
C. V. (%) |
56 |
46 |
62 |
272 |
30 |
15 |
9 |
14 |
1See Table 49 for weed control treatments.
2Ratings: 0 is no weed control or crop injury; 10 is complete weed or crop kill.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 51. Control of lambsquarters, eastern black nightshade, and redroot pigweed by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2004 weed control study in direct seeded cabbage.
Treatment number1 |
Lambsquarters control |
Eastern black nightshade control |
Redroot pigweed July 20 |
||||
June 11 |
June 22 |
July 20 |
June 11 |
June 22 |
July 20 |
||
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 to 102 -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
||||||
|
|||||||
1 |
9.0 |
8.8 |
7.5 |
8.8 |
8.5 |
9.3 |
10.0 |
2 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
8.3 |
8.8 |
8.3 |
8.8 |
10.0 |
3 |
9.5 |
9.3 |
8.5 |
8.8 |
8.8 |
8.5 |
10.0 |
4 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
8.3 |
9.3 |
9.0 |
8.8 |
10.0 |
5 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
8.8 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
8.8 |
6 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
8.8 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
7 |
9.5 |
10.0 |
8.5 |
8.3 |
9.5 |
8.8 |
10.0 |
8 |
9.5 |
10.0 |
9.0 |
8.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9 |
9.0 |
9.8 |
8.5 |
8.8 |
9.5 |
8.8 |
9.8 |
10 |
8.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
6.8 |
9.5 |
8.3 |
10.0 |
|
|||||||
Probability |
0.009 |
0.006 |
0.002 |
0.012 |
0.0006 |
0.02 |
<0.0001 |
LSD (0.05) |
0.9 |
0.7 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
C. V. (%) |
6 |
5 |
9 |
9 |
6 |
8 |
2 |
1See Table 49 for weed control treatments.
2Ratings: 0 is no weed control; 10 is complete weed kill.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 52. Number of cabbage heads, yield, and head size as affected by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2004 weed control study in transplanted cabbage.
Treatment number |
Herbicides |
Rates per acre |
Application timing1 |
Number of heads |
Yield |
Head size |
|
1000s/A |
tons/A |
lbs/head |
|||
|
||||||
1 |
Surpass |
1.5 pt |
PPI |
0.0 e2 |
0.0 h |
— |
2 |
Treflan + Goal 2XL |
1 pt + 2 pt |
PPI + PRE |
18.5 abc |
27.7 c-f |
3.0 fgh |
3 |
Treflan + Dacthal + Stinger |
1 pt + 8 lbs + 1/3 pt |
PPI + POST1 + POST4 |
20.0 a |
34.5 b-e |
3.4 ef |
4 |
Treflan + Goal 2XL + Stinger |
1 pt + 2 pt + 1/3 pt |
PPI + PRE + POST4 |
17.8 abc |
35.6 bc |
3.9 def |
5 |
Surpass |
1.5 pt |
POST1 |
0.0 e |
0.0 h |
— |
6 |
Treflan + Authority |
1 pt + 2 oz |
PPI + POST2 |
16.7 abc |
17.7 g |
2.1 h |
7 |
Treflan + Valor |
1 pt + 2 oz |
PPI + POST2 |
15.6 bc |
37.4 b |
4.9 bc |
8 |
Treflan + Authority + Valor |
1 pt + 2 oz + 2 oz |
PPI + POST2 |
11.3 d |
32.9 b-e |
5.8 a |
9 |
Treflan + Authority |
1 pt + 2 oz |
PPI + POST3 |
20.3 a |
33.8 b-e |
3.3 efg |
10 |
Treflan + Valor + Authority |
1 pt + 2 oz + 2 oz |
PPI + POST2 + POST3 |
15.6 bc |
47.1 a |
6.0 a |
11 |
Authority |
2 oz |
POST2 |
17.4 abc |
21.6 fg |
2.4 gh |
12 |
Valor |
2 oz |
POST2 |
16.0 bc |
33.4 b-e |
4.4 cd |
13 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST2 |
14.9 cd |
41.1 ab |
5.6 ab |
14 |
Authority + Stinger |
2 oz + 1/3 pt |
POST2 + POST4 |
16.0 bc |
25.7 d-g |
3.2 efg |
15 |
Authority |
2 oz |
POST3 |
20.3 a |
25.2 efg |
2.5 gh |
16 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST3 |
18.5 abc |
37.2 b |
4.0 cde |
17 |
Hand weeded check |
19.2 ab |
34.9 bcd |
3.6 def |
||
|
||||||
Probability |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
|||
C.V. (%) |
17 |
23 |
17 |
|||
1See Table 48 for explanation of application timings.
2Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.
3WAT is Weeks after transplanting.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 53. Injury to barley and cabbage, cabbage stand, and control of lambsquarters by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2004 weed control study in transplanted cabbage.
Treatment number1 |
Barley injury June 9 |
Cabbage injury |
Cabbage stand July 21 |
Lambsquarters control |
||||
June 9 |
June 24 |
July 21 |
June 9 |
June 24 |
July 21 |
|||
|
------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 to 102 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|||||||
|
||||||||
1 |
3.8 fg3 |
5.5 g |
4.5 e |
5.3 d |
17.5 c-f |
4.8 d |
3.0 e |
0.0 f |
2 |
4.3 g |
2.0 bcd |
0.5 a |
0.0 a |
21.4 abc |
9.3 ab |
7.5 d |
6.8 d |
3 |
0.8 abc |
1.5 abc |
0.3 a |
0.0 a |
21.8 ab |
9.8 a |
9.5 ab |
9.0 bc |
4 |
4.3 g |
1.5 abc |
0.3 a |
0.0 a |
22.4 ab |
8.5 b |
9.0 bc |
8.3 c |
5 |
2.6 def |
3.8 ef |
4.4 de |
2.3 c |
16.9 c-f |
5.8 c |
3.0 e |
1.9 e |
6 |
1.0 abc |
2.0 bcd |
0.8 ab |
1.0 b |
20.7 a-d |
10.0 a |
9.8 ab |
9.3 ab |
7 |
2.5 de |
3.3 def |
2.8 cd |
0.0 a |
16.9 def |
10.0 a |
9.5 ab |
8.3 c |
8 |
2.8 ef |
4.5 fg |
3.8 de |
0.0 a |
13.7 f |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9 |
1.3 bc |
1.0 ab |
0.0 a |
0.5 ab |
21.8 ab |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9.8 ab |
10 |
3.3 efg |
3.3 def |
3.0 cd |
0.0 a |
14.5 f |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
11 |
0.5 abc |
1.0 ab |
0.0 a |
1.0 b |
22.8 ab |
10.0 a |
9.5 ab |
9.3 ab |
12 |
1.5 cd |
4.0 ef |
2.0 bc |
0.0 a |
15.6 ef |
10.0 a |
9.3 abc |
7.3 d |
13 |
1.3 bc |
2.8 cde |
2.8 cd |
0.0 a |
15.2 f |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9.8 ab |
14 |
0.3 ab |
1.0 ab |
1.0 ab |
0.0 a |
19.9 a-d |
10.0 a |
9.8 ab |
9.3 ab |
15 |
0.5 abc |
0.5 a |
0.3 a |
0.3 a |
23.7 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
16 |
1.5 cd |
2.0 bcd |
0.8 ab |
0.0 a |
19.4 b-e |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9.8 ab |
17 |
0.0 a |
1.3 ab |
1.3 ab |
0.0 a |
19.6 a-e |
2.5 e |
8.5 c |
9.3 ab |
|
||||||||
Probability |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
C. V. (%) |
42 |
39 |
65 |
79 |
16 |
7 |
6 |
8 |
1See Table 52 for weed control treatments.
2Ratings: 0 is no effect (no weed control or no crop injury); 10 is complete weed or crop kill.
3Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 54. Control of hairy nightshade, eastern black nightshade, and foxtail by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2004 weed control study in transplanted cabbage.
Treatment number1 |
Hairy nightshade control |
Eastern black nightshade control |
Foxtail control |
||||||
June 9 |
June 24 |
July 21 |
June 9 |
June 24 |
July 21 |
June 9 |
June 24 |
July 21 |
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 to 102 -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
||||||||
|
|||||||||
1 |
6.8 c3 |
6.0 e |
7.5 cd |
8.8 c |
8.3 de |
10.0 a |
9.1 abc |
9.5 abc |
10.0 |
2 |
9.8 a |
9.5 ab |
8.0 bcd |
9.5 abc |
10.0 a |
9.5 a |
8.8 abc |
10.0 a |
10.0 |
3 |
6.8 c |
8.8 abc |
9.5 ab |
7.3 d |
9.3 abc |
9.5 a |
9.8 a |
9.8 ab |
10.0 |
4 |
9.5 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9.8 ab |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9.5 ab |
10.0 a |
10.0 |
5 |
8.8 ab |
8.2 bcd |
6.2 de |
9.0 abc |
9.0 bcd |
9.7 a |
9.8 a |
9.5 abc |
10.0 |
6 |
7.0 c |
6.0 e |
3.8 f |
7.5 d |
7.3 f |
6.5 d |
8.0 b-e |
9.5 abc |
10.0 |
7 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9.5 ab |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 |
8 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9.3 abc |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9.8 a |
9.8 a |
9.8 ab |
9.8 |
9 |
9.3 a |
8.0 cd |
6.5 de |
9.3 abc |
8.8 cd |
7.8 c |
8.5 a-d |
9.5 abc |
9.5 |
10 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 |
11 |
7.5 bc |
7.0 de |
5.0 ef |
7.3 d |
7.8 ef |
6.3 d |
6.5 ef |
8.3 d |
10.0 |
12 |
9.8 a |
10.0 a |
9.8 ab |
9.8 ab |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
8.5 a-d |
9.8 ab |
10.0 |
13 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9.8 ab |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
7.8 cde |
9.0 a-d |
10.0 |
14 |
8.8 ab |
9.3 abc |
9.5 ab |
7.5 d |
9.8 ab |
9.0 ab |
7.0 de |
8.5 cd |
9.3 |
15 |
9.5 a |
8.8 abc |
8.0 bcd |
9.0 bc |
9.3 abc |
8.3 bc |
6.5 ef |
8.8 bcd |
10.0 |
16 |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
10.0 a |
9.5 ab |
10.0 a |
10.0 |
17 |
6.3 c |
9.5 ab |
9.3 abc |
7.0 d |
9.8 ab |
9.8 a |
5.0 f |
10.0 a |
10.0 |
|
|||||||||
Probability |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
<0.0001 |
0.015 |
0.56 |
C. V. (%) |
13 |
11 |
16 |
8 |
6 |
9 |
14 |
8 |
5 |
1See Table 52 for weed control treatments.
2Ratings: 0 is no effect (no weed control); 10 is complete weed kill.
3Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level. No significant differences between
values in the column without letters.
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