Oakes Irrigation Research
Site
Carrington Research Extension Center * North Dakota State University
P.O. Box 531, Oakes, ND 58474-0531, Voice: (701) 742-2189, FAX: (701)
742-2700, email: rgreenla@ndsuext.nodak.edu
Richard Greenland
Table 56. Cabbage weed control treatment application data
Table 57. Early stand and yield data as affected by herbicides in direct seeded cabbage
Table 58. Injury to cabbage and control of lambsquarters in direct seeded cabbage
Table 59. Control of hairy nightshade and sow thistle in direct seeded cabbage
Table 60. Early stand and yield data as affected by herbicides for transplanted cabbage
Cabbage production has tremendous potential in North Dakota. A few farmers are growing cabbage but have difficulty controlling weeds because few herbicides are available for weed control in cabbage production. In these experiments we evaluated several new herbicides and herbicide combinations for use in direct seeded and transplanted cabbage production.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil: |
Maddock sandy loam; pH=7.0; 2.0% organic matter; soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was low. |
Previous crops: |
2002 - popcorn and sweetcorn; 2001 - pumpkin; 2000 - sweetcorn and carrot. |
Seedbed preparation: |
Disked twice once on April 11 and once on April 24. Multiweeded (field cultivated) twice on April 24 to incorporate fertilizer and herbicides, and to smooth the seed bed. |
Planting: |
Direct seeded cabbage. Planted ‘Bronco’ cabbage on April 25 with a Monosem precision vacuum planter set to plant a row of barley cover crop (0.45 bu/acre in 18-inch rows) between and parallel to the cabbage rows. Cabbage seeds were spaced about 6 inches apart in 18-inch rows. Plants were later thinned to 12 inches apart (about 29,000 plants/acre). Seeds were placed ½ to ¾ inches deep into a flat, fine seedbed. Transplanted cabbage. Started transplants in the greenhouse on April 8. Transplanted ‘Bronco’ cabbage on May 8 and May 12 in 18-inch rows. In-row spacing was 15 inches. As it was planted, each plant received ½ cup of fertilizer solution (1% solution of 10-34-0). Did not plant barley cover crop with transplanted cabbage. |
Plots: |
Each plot was 6 ft wide by 17 ft long. There was a 2-ft border between plots. The direct seeded study had 4 reps. The transplanted cabbage study had 3 reps. |
Fertilizer: |
On April 9, broadcast 11 lbs N/acre and 52 lbs P205 as 11-52-0, 30 lbs K2O as 0-0-60 and 18 lbs N/acre and 20 lbs S/acre as 21-0-0-24. Sprayed 50 lbs N/acre as 32-0-0 on direct seeded only on April 24. Sprayed 55 lbs N/acre as 28-0-0 on June 7. Fertigated 50 lbs N/acre as 28-0-0 on June 26. Applied 50 lbs N/acre as 28-0-0 on July 15. |
Irrigation: |
Overhead sprinkler irrigation as needed. |
Pest Control: |
Treflan (1 pt/acre) was applied to the direct seeded study on April 24. Poast + Dash (1.5 pt + 1 pt/acre) was applied to the direct seeded study on May 31. The Poast + Dash was to kill the barley cover crop and any grass weeds. Weeds were also controlled using treatments listed in Tables 57 and 60. Check plots were hand weeded. Sprayed Sevin (1 qt/acre on June 16 and June 30) to control flea beetle. Sprayed Asana (8 oz/acre on May 28 and August 21) and DiPel (1 lb/acre on July 14, July 22, July 30 and August 6) to control cabbage looper and cabbage worm. |
Harvest: |
Transplant cabbage harvested on Aug 29 and Sep 2 with the harvest area the entire section of the middle two rows. Direct-seed cabbage harvested on Sep 8 with the harvest area a 10-foot section of the middle two rows. |
Direct seeded cabbage. Aim severely injured cabbage, reduced cabbage yield, and did not control the weeds in this study. Authority applied at the 2 leaf stage of cabbage, followed by either Valor or Stinger at the 4 lf stage gave good weed control and cabbage yields. Authority plus Valor, both at the 3 lf stage, injured cabbage and reduced cabbage yield. It appears that Authority should be applied early (2 lf stage) and Valor late (4 lf stage) in order to avoid cabbage injury. Stinger increased weed control when applied with Dacthal or Authority, but should not be used without an early weed control treatment. Dacthal controlled lambsquarters, but not nightshade or sow thistle.
Transplanted cabbage. Cabbage injury was much less with the transplanted cabbage than when cabbage was direct seeded. Many of the treatments gave excellent weed control and cabbage yields equal to the handweeded check. Valor applied POST2 gave excellent lambsquarters control resulting in high yields, but when applied POST3 lambsquarters control was poor, and cabbage injury slightly higher, resulting in lower yields. Aim severely injured cabbage when applied with a surfactant. Aim didn’t control the weeds in this study (resulting in lower cabbage yields) when applied with or without a surfactant.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 56. Cabbage weed control treatment application data at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site in 2003.
Application timing |
Date |
Time |
Barley height |
Cabbage height |
Cabbage growth stage |
Weed height |
Weed growth stage |
Direct seeded study |
|||||||
PRE |
April 25 |
12:10 pm |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
POST1 |
May 29 |
10:00 am |
4" |
3" |
2 lf |
½ to 3" |
2 to 4 lf |
POST2 |
June 3 |
12:20 pm |
6" |
3" |
2.5 lf |
½ to 3.5” |
2 to 4 lf |
POST3 |
June 6 |
1:45 pm |
6" (dying) |
4" |
4.5 lf |
1 to 4" |
cot. to 6 lf |
|
|||||||
Transplanted study |
|||||||
PPI |
May 8 |
9:30 am |
—1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
PRE |
May 8 |
10:35 am |
— |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
POST1 |
May 12 |
6:00 pm |
— |
3.0" |
3 lf |
0 |
0 |
POST2 |
May 20 |
2:30 pm |
— |
3.5" |
3 lf |
⅓" |
cot. |
POST3 |
May 29 |
9:30 am |
— |
5" |
4.5 lf |
½ to 3" |
1 to 5 lf |
POST4 |
June 5 |
10:55 am |
— |
7" |
7 lf |
½ to 5" |
2 to 6 lf |
Treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer using AI 110-04 flat fan nozzles, 45 gpa, at 57 psi. Weed ratings were taken on June 7, June 18, June 26 and July 25.
1No barley cover crop planted in the transplanted study.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 57. Early stand and yield data as affected by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2003 weed control study in direct seeded cabbage.
Treatment number |
Herbicides |
Rates per acre |
Application timing1 |
Early stand2 |
Number of heads |
Yield |
Head size |
|
--- 1000s/acre --- |
tons/A |
lbs |
||||
|
|||||||
1 |
Dacthal + Stinger |
10 lbs + 1/3 pt |
PRE + POST3 |
37.6 |
16.3 |
19.7 |
2.4 |
2 |
Aim |
1/3 oz |
POST1 (2 leaf) |
39.7 |
9.8 |
9.1 |
2.0 |
3 |
Authority |
2 oz |
POST1 (2 leaf) |
38.0 |
21.8 |
27.4 |
2.5 |
4 |
Aim |
1/3 oz |
POST2 (3 leaf) |
37.6 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
— |
5 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST1 + POST3 (4 lf) |
38.0 |
20.0 |
34.8 |
3.5 |
6 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST2 |
39.9 |
9.1 |
21.7 |
5.2 |
7 |
Aim |
1/3 oz |
POST3 |
38.9 |
13.4 |
12.3 |
1.8 |
8 |
Authority + Stinger |
2 oz + 1/3 pt |
POST1 + POST3 |
38.9 |
22.1 |
30.5 |
2.8 |
9 |
Dacthal + Aim |
10 lbs + 1/3 oz |
PRE + POST3 |
39.9 |
20.3 |
24.9 |
2.5 |
10 |
Handweeded check |
|
|
41.4 |
22.9 |
37.7 |
3.3 |
|
|||||||
Probability |
0.87 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
0.0007 |
|||
LSD(0.05) |
— |
5.0 |
8.2 |
1.3 |
|||
C.V. (%) |
9 |
22 |
26 |
31 |
1See Table 56 for explanation of application timings.
2Stand before thinning.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 58. Injury to cabbage and control of lambsquarters by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2003 weed control study in direct seeded cabbage.
Treatment number1 |
Cabbage injury |
Lambsquarters control |
||||||
June 2 |
June 17 |
June 27 |
July 25 |
June 2 |
June 17 |
June 27 |
July 25 |
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------- 1 to 102 ---------------------------------------------------------- |
|||||||
|
||||||||
1 |
1.8 |
0.5 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
2 |
3.0 |
2.0 |
1.0 |
2.3 |
8.5 |
7.3 |
7.0 |
6.5 |
3 |
1.8 |
1.0 |
0.0 |
1.3 |
10.0 |
9.5 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
4 |
6.8 |
8.5 |
8.0 |
6.5 |
9.8 |
9.3 |
8.8 |
7.5 |
5 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
9.8 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
6 |
3.5 |
5.5 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
7 |
1.3 |
3.3 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
9.5 |
8.8 |
8.0 |
7.8 |
8 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
1.3 |
0.8 |
9.8 |
9.5 |
9.8 |
9.8 |
9 |
2.0 |
3.8 |
3.3 |
1.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
10 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
10.0 |
9.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
|
||||||||
Probability |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
0.0002 |
0.009 |
0.0005 |
<.0001 |
LSD (0.05) |
1.1 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
0.6 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
C. V. (%) |
33 |
29 |
36 |
38 |
4 |
10 |
10 |
5 |
1See Table 57 for weed control treatments.
2Ratings: 0 is no effect (no weed control or no crop injury); 10 is complete weed or crop kill.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 59. Control of hairy nightshade and sow thistle by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2003 weed control study in direct seeded cabbage.
Treatment number1 |
Hairy nightshade control |
Sow thistle control |
Sheperds purse |
||||||
June 2 |
June 17 |
June 27 |
July 25 |
June 2 |
June 17 |
June 27 |
July 25 |
June 27 |
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------ 1 to 102 ------------------------------------------------------------ |
||||||||
|
|||||||||
1 |
6.0 |
7.3 |
9.0 |
10.0 |
7.5 |
9.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
7.0 |
2 |
7.8 |
5.5 |
4.8 |
2.5 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
8.8 |
9.0 |
9.8 |
3 |
8.5 |
8.3 |
9.0 |
8.5 |
8.3 |
9.0 |
7.8 |
7.8 |
7.0 |
4 |
8.5 |
8.3 |
7.5 |
4.5 |
7.5 |
6.5 |
4.5 |
6.0 |
9.8 |
5 |
9.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
8.3 |
8.5 |
7.8 |
8.5 |
10.0 |
6 |
8.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
8.3 |
9.3 |
8.0 |
7.3 |
10.0 |
7 |
3.0 |
6.5 |
5.5 |
3.8 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
9.0 |
8.5 |
9.0 |
8 |
9.0 |
9.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
6.5 |
8.8 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
7.5 |
9 |
5.8 |
9.3 |
8.5 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
9.0 |
8.3 |
7.8 |
9.8 |
10 |
10.0 |
7.0 |
8.8 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
|
|||||||||
Probability |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
0.02 |
0.08 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
0.001 |
LSD (0.05) |
1.2 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
1 |
1.8 |
— |
1.7 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
C. V. (%) |
11 |
10 |
9 |
9 |
15 |
15 |
14 |
9 |
13 |
1See Table 57 for weed control treatments.
2Ratings: 0 is no effect (no weed control or no crop injury); 10 is complete weed or crop kill.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 60. Early stand and yield data as affected by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2003 weed control study in transplanted cabbage.
Treatment number |
Herbicides |
Rates per acre |
Application timing1 |
Early stand2 |
Number of heads |
Yield |
Head size |
|
--- 1000s/acre --- |
tons/A |
lbs |
||||
|
|||||||
1 |
Treflan + Goal 2XL |
1 pt + 2 pt |
PPI + PRE |
23.1 |
21.1 |
41.3 |
3.9 |
2 |
Treflan + Dacthal + Stinger |
1 pt + 8 lbs + 1/3 pt |
PPI + POST1 + POST4 |
24.8 |
22.5 |
41.0 |
3.7 |
3 |
Treflan + Dual II Magnum + Stinger |
1 pt + 1 pt + 1/3 pt |
PPI + POST1 + POST4 |
23.9 |
18.2 |
30.1 |
3.3 |
4 |
Treflan + Outlook + Stinger |
1 pt + 1 pt + 1/3 pt |
PPI + POST1 + POST4 |
16.5 |
11.1 |
21.9 |
3.9 |
5 |
Treflan + Authority |
1 pt + 2 oz |
PPI + POST2 |
21.9 |
19.1 |
43.0 |
4.5 |
6 |
Treflan + Valor |
1 pt + 2 oz |
PPI + POST2 |
22.5 |
18.2 |
45.0 |
4.9 |
7 |
Treflan + Authority + Valor |
1 pt + 2 oz + 2 oz |
PPI + POST2 |
21.6 |
16.8 |
38.0 |
4.5 |
8 |
Treflan + Aim |
1 pt + 1/3 oz |
PPI + POST3 |
25.3 |
15.9 |
19.6 |
2.4 |
9 |
Treflan + Authority |
1 pt + 2 oz |
PPI + POST3 |
23.9 |
18.8 |
36.0 |
3.8 |
10 |
Treflan + Valor |
1 pt + 2 oz |
PPI + POST3 |
23.9 |
17.9 |
29.1 |
3.2 |
11 |
Treflan + Authority + Valor |
1 pt + 2 oz + 2 oz |
PPI + POST3 |
23.9 |
18.5 |
35.9 |
4.0 |
12 |
Treflan + Aim + NIS |
1 pt + 1/3 oz + ¼ % |
PPI + POST4 |
23.9 |
12.5 |
18.0 |
2.9 |
13 |
Authority |
2 oz |
POST2 (1WAT) |
25.6 |
21.6 |
39.4 |
3.6 |
14 |
Valor |
2 oz |
POST2 (1WAT) |
24.2 |
17.7 |
40.5 |
4.6 |
15 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST2 (1WAT) |
21.4 |
15.1 |
41.5 |
5.4 |
16 |
Authority + Stinger |
2 oz + 1/3 pt |
POST2 + POST4 |
23.6 |
21.1 |
42.5 |
4.0 |
17 |
Valor |
2 oz |
POST3 (2WAT) |
22.8 |
2.6 |
3.1 |
2.4 |
18 |
Authority |
2 oz |
POST3 (2WAT) |
24.5 |
19.9 |
33.7 |
3.4 |
19 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST3 (2WAT) |
24.5 |
20.5 |
36.2 |
3.5 |
20 |
Hand weeded check |
24.8 |
21.6 |
44.2 |
4.1 |
||
|
|||||||
Probability |
0.011 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
|||
LSD(0.05) |
3.7 |
5.2 |
14.3 |
0.9 |
|||
C.V. (%) |
10 |
18 |
25 |
14 |
1See Table 56 for explanation of application timings.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 61. Injury to cabbage and control of lambsquarters by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2003 weed control study in transplanted cabbage.
Treatment number1 |
Cabbage injury |
Lambsquarters control |
||||||
June 7 |
June 18 |
June 26 |
July 25 |
June 7 |
June 18 |
June 26 |
July 25 |
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------- 1 to 102 ------------------------------------------------------------- |
|||||||
|
||||||||
1 |
1.0 |
0.7 |
0.3 |
1.3 |
9.7 |
8.0 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
2 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
1.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
3 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
0.7 |
1.7 |
8.3 |
7.7 |
8.7 |
7.3 |
4 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
3.0 |
9.7 |
8.7 |
9.3 |
7.0 |
5 |
2.0 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
0.7 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
6 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
7 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
1.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
8 |
2.3 |
0.7 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
8.0 |
7.7 |
7.0 |
6.3 |
9 |
1.7 |
0.7 |
0.3 |
1.7 |
9.3 |
9.7 |
10.0 |
9.7 |
10 |
3.7 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
8.0 |
8.0 |
7.0 |
7.3 |
11 |
3.7 |
2.3 |
1.7 |
1.3 |
9.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.7 |
12 |
0.0 |
6.7 |
5.0 |
2.3 |
8.7 |
9.0 |
8.3 |
6.7 |
13 |
1.0 |
0.7 |
0.0 |
1.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
14 |
2.0 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
1.7 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
15 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
16 |
1.7 |
1.0 |
0.7 |
2.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
17 |
2.7 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
3.0 |
3.7 |
3.0 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
18 |
1.7 |
2.3 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
8.0 |
8.3 |
8.7 |
8.3 |
19 |
3.7 |
2.0 |
1.0 |
1.7 |
9.3 |
8.7 |
9.0 |
8.0 |
20 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
2.3 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
9.7 |
9.3 |
10.0 |
|
||||||||
Probability |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
0.09 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
LSD (0.05) |
1.6 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
-- |
1.0 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
C. V. (%) |
46 |
48 |
61 |
57 |
7 |
9 |
8 |
10 |
1See Table 60 for weed control treatments.
2Ratings: 0 is no effect (no weed control or no crop injury); 10 is complete weed or crop kill.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Table 62. Control of hairy nightshade and sow thistle by herbicides in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2003 weed control study in transplanted cabbage.
Treatment number1 |
Hairy nightshade control |
Sow thistle control |
|||||
June 7 |
June 18 |
June 26 |
July 25 |
June 18 |
June 26 |
July 25 |
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------- 1 to 102 ----------------------------------------------------------- |
||||||
|
|||||||
1 |
9.7 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.7 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
2 |
5.3 |
8.0 |
9.7 |
9.7 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
3 |
6.7 |
7.7 |
9.7 |
10.0 |
9.7 |
9.7 |
10.0 |
4 |
9.0 |
8.7 |
9.7 |
9.0 |
9.7 |
10.0 |
9.7 |
5 |
9.7 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
6.3 |
8.7 |
8.7 |
8.7 |
6 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
8.7 |
8.0 |
7.7 |
7 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.0 |
9.0 |
9.0 |
8 |
7.0 |
5.7 |
5.0 |
3.7 |
8.0 |
8.7 |
8.3 |
9 |
9.0 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
7.3 |
6.7 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
10 |
9.7 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
9.0 |
9.0 |
11 |
9.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
12 |
4.0 |
8.7 |
7.7 |
4.3 |
8.3 |
7.7 |
8.3 |
13 |
9.7 |
9.0 |
9.3 |
8.7 |
7.0 |
6.7 |
7.3 |
14 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
15 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
9.0 |
9.3 |
16 |
9.0 |
9.3 |
9.7 |
9.7 |
8.3 |
9.7 |
10.0 |
17 |
9.7 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.7 |
9.3 |
9.0 |
18 |
9.3 |
8.7 |
8.0 |
8.0 |
8.7 |
8.3 |
8.7 |
19 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
20 |
5.7 |
9.3 |
9.0 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
|
|||||||
Probability |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
0.02 |
0.07 |
0.008 |
LSD (0.05) |
1.4 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
1.8 |
— |
1.8 |
C. V. (%) |
9 |
7 |
6 |
7 |
12 |
15 |
12 |
1See Table 60 for weed control treatments.
2Ratings: 0 is no effect (no weed control or no crop injury); 10 is complete weed or crop kill.
Go to top of cabbage weed control study
Go to Oakes Irrigation Research Site Weed Control Studies page
Go to Oakes Irrigation Research Site crop index