Oakes Irrigation Research
Site
Carrington Research Extension Center * North Dakota State University
P.O. Box 531, Oakes, ND 58474-0531, Voice: (701) 742-2189, FAX: (701)
742-2700, email: rgreenla@ndsuext.nodak.edu
Richard Greenland
Table 37. Cabbage weed control treatment application data
Tables of pesticides used at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site -- Trade names and common names
Cabbage production has tremendous potential in North Dakota. A few farmers are growing cabbage but have difficulty controlling weeds because few herbicides are available for weed control in cabbage production. In these experiments we looked at several new herbicide and herbicide combinations for use in direct seeded and transplanted cabbage production.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil: |
Hecla sandy loam, Embden sandy loam, and Maddock sandy loam; pH=6.3; 2.6% organic matter; soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was low. |
Previous crops: |
2001 - pumpkin and winter squash; 2000 - field corn; 1999 - edible bean. |
Seedbed preparation: |
Disked on Nov 1, 2001. Multiweeded (field cultivated) twice (direct seeded section on Apr 23 and transplanted section on May 2) to incorporate fertilizer and herbicides, and to smooth the seed bed. |
Planting: |
Direct seeded cabbage. Planted ‘Fresco’ cabbage on Apr 26 with a Monosem precision vacuum planter set to plant a row of barley cover crop (0.45 bu/acre in 18-inch rows) between and parallel to the cabbage rows. Cabbage seeds were spaced about 7 inches apart in 18-inch rows. Plants were later thinned to 15 inches apart (about 26,000 plants/acre). Seeds were placed ½ to ¾ inches deep into a flat, fine seedbed. Transplanted cabbage. Started transplants in the greenhouse on Apr 8. Transplanted ‘Bronco’ cabbage on May 13 in 18-inch rows. In-row spacing was 15 inches. Did not plant barley cover crop with transplanted cabbage. Irrigated with above ground drip tubes immediately following transplanting. |
Plots: |
Each plot was 6 ft wide by 17 ft long. There was a 2-ft border between plots. The study had 4 reps. |
Fertilizer: |
On April 18, broadcast 18 lbs N/acre and 20 lbs S/acre as 21-0-0-24. Sprayed 50 lbs N/acre as 28-0-0 on direct seeded only on April 23. Sprayed 60 lbs N/acre as 28-0-0 on June 7. Side dressed 50 lbs N/acre as urea on July 3. |
Irrigation: |
Irrigated immediately after transplanting using above ground drip tube. Irrigated 0.5 inches with hand-move, overhead sprinklers on May 24 and on May 31 to activate herbicides. Irrigated with underground drip irrigation as needed the rest of the season. |
Pest Control: |
Treflan (1 pt/acre) was applied to the direct seeded study on April 23. Fusilade + NIS (12 oz/acre + 1 pt/25 gal) was applied to the direct seeded study on May 29, and to the both studies on June 7. The Fusilade was to kill the barley cover crop (in the direct seeded study only) and any grass weeds. Weeds were also controlled using treatments listed in Tables 38 to 41. We hand weeded the check plots. Sprayed Sevin (1 qt/acre on May 29 and Jun 5) to control flea beetle. Sprayed Asana (8 oz/acre on June 20 and July 2 ), DiPel (1 lb/acre on Jun 20, Jun 28, Jul 19, Jul 29, and Aug 12), and Ambush (12 oz/acre on Aug 16) to control cabbage looper and cabbage worm. |
Harvest: |
A 10-foot section of the middle two rows was harvested on Aug 28 and 29. |
Direct seeded cabbage. Dacthal gave good control of pigweed, fair control of lambsquarters, and very poor control of nightshade – resulting in no harvestable yield. Applied as a post treatment after Dacthal, Stinger gave better nightshade control than Tough, but neither gave acceptable control. Authority gave good control of pigweed, fair control of lambsquarters, and poor control of hairy nightshade. Valor severely injured cabbage and controlled weeds when applied at the two-leaf stage of cabbage. Injury and weed control were both lower when applied at the four-leaf stage. None of the treatments had yields as high as the handweeded check.
Transplanted cabbage. Cabbage injury was much less with the transplanted cabbage than when cabbage was direct seeded. Valor applied PRE severely injured cabbage and didn’t control weeds very well. Valor injured cabbage less and controlled weeds better when applied POST2 or POST3. Prowl gave better pigweed control when applied PPI vs. PRE. Goal gave better nightshade but poorer pigweed control than Prowl PPI. Authority controlled pigweed and nightshade better when applied POST3, and controlled lambsquarters better when applied PRE or POST2. Treflan PPI improved weed control. All treatments except the Treflan + Authority + Valor treatment resulted in cabbage yields lower than the handweeded check.
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Table 37. Cabbage weed control treatment application data at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site in 2002.
Application timing |
Date |
Time |
Barley height |
Cabbage height |
Cabbage growth stage |
Weed height |
Weed growth stage |
Direct seeded study |
|||||||
PRE |
April 29 |
9:30 am |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
POST1 |
May 10 |
10:30 am |
1" |
¼” |
cot. |
0 |
0 |
POST2 |
May 29 |
9:15 am |
7" |
2.5" |
2.5 lf |
½ to 2” |
2 to 4 lf |
POST3 |
June 7 |
3:20 pm |
4"(dying) |
4.5" |
4 lf |
½ to 3" |
cot. to 6 lf |
Transplanted study |
|||||||
PPI |
May 2 |
11:50 am |
—1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
PRE |
May 10 |
11:10 am |
— |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
POST1 |
May 14 |
10:30 am |
— |
4.5" |
3.5 lf |
0 |
0 |
POST2 |
May 20 |
10:15 am |
— |
5" |
3 lf |
¼" |
cot. |
POST3 |
May 28 |
10:10 am |
— |
3" |
3 lf |
½ to 1" |
cot. to 2 lf |
POST4 |
June 4 |
10:00 am |
— |
5" |
5 lf |
½ to 2" |
cot. to 4 lf |
1No barley cover crop planted in the transplanted study.
Treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer using AI 110-04 flat fan nozzles, 45 gpa, at 57 psi. Weed ratings were taken on June 3, June 13 or 17, and July 2.
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Table 38. Cabbage injury, barley cover crop injury, and redroot pigweed ratings for the 2002 direct seeded cabbage weed control study at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site.
Herbicides |
Rates |
Application timing |
Cabbage injury |
Barley injury |
Redroot pigweed |
||||
6/3 |
6/17 |
7/2 |
6/3 |
6/3 |
6/17 |
7/2 |
|||
|
|
|
------------------------------- 0 to 101 ---------------------------------- |
||||||
|
|||||||||
Dacthal |
8 lbs |
PRE |
0.3 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
8.0 |
Dacthal |
8 lbs |
POST1 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
8.8 |
Authority |
2 oz |
POST2 |
2.0 |
0.8 |
0.0 |
1.8 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
Valor |
2 oz |
POST2 |
7.0 |
6.3 |
5.8 |
6.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST2 |
7.3 |
7.0 |
7.3 |
6.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST3 |
0.0 |
5.0 |
4.5 |
0.0 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
Dacthal + Tough |
8 lbs + 12 oz |
POST1 + POST3 |
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
9.3 |
9.8 |
9.3 |
Dacthal + Stinger |
8 lbs + 1/3 pt |
POST1 + POST3 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.8 |
0.0 |
9.3 |
9.0 |
6.8 |
Handweeded check |
|
|
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.8 |
0.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
|
|||||||||
LSD (0.05) |
0.8 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
NS2 |
0.7 |
1.1 |
||
Probability |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
0.11 |
0.04 |
<.0001 |
||
C.V. (%) |
29 |
29 |
32 |
23 |
5 |
5 |
8 |
1Ratings: 0 is no effect (no weed control or no crop injury); 10 is complete weed or crop kill.
2No significant differences between values in this column.
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Table 39. Lambsquarters and hairy nightshade ratings and cabbage yields for the 2002 direct seeded cabbage weed control study at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site.
Herbicides |
Rates |
Application timing |
Lambsquarters |
Hairy nightshade |
Cabbage yield |
||||
6/3 |
6/17 |
7/2 |
6/3 |
6/17 |
7/2 |
||||
|
|
|
-------------------------- 0 to 101 ------------------------- |
tons/A |
|||||
|
|||||||||
Dacthal |
8 lbs |
PRE |
9.0 |
8.0 |
7.5 |
5.0 |
3.3 |
0.5 |
0.0 |
Dacthal |
8 lbs |
POST1 |
9.3 |
7.5 |
7.0 |
5.3 |
3.5 |
1.0 |
0.0 |
Authority |
2 oz |
POST2 |
9.8 |
8.3 |
7.0 |
8.8 |
7.0 |
4.5 |
3.8 |
Valor |
2 oz |
POST2 |
10.0 |
8.3 |
6.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
5.8 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST2 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
9.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
21.4 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST3 |
8.3 |
8.8 |
8.3 |
4.3 |
7.8 |
6.8 |
13.0 |
Dacthal + Tough |
8 lbs + 12 oz |
POST1 + POST3 |
9.0 |
8.3 |
7.0 |
5.8 |
5.3 |
2.0 |
0.0 |
Dacthal + Stinger |
8 lbs + 1/3 pt |
POST1 + POST3 |
8.8 |
8.0 |
6.8 |
5.8 |
6.8 |
6.5 |
16.6 |
Handweeded check |
|
|
7.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
4.8 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
45.0 |
|
|||||||||
LSD (0.05) |
1.4 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
6.9 |
||
Probability |
0.009 |
0.011 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
||
C.V. (%) |
11 |
10 |
10 |
13 |
13 |
12 |
40 |
1Ratings: 0 is no effect (no weed control or no crop injury); 10 is complete weed or crop kill.
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Table 40. Cabbage injury, barley cover crop injury, and redroot pigweed ratings for the 2002 transplanted cabbage weed control study at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site.
Herbicides |
Rates |
Application timing |
Cabbage injury |
Redroot pigweed |
||||
6/3 |
6/13 |
7/2 |
6/3 |
6/13 |
7/2 |
|||
|
|
|
-------------------------- 0 to 101 -------------------------- |
|||||
|
||||||||
Prowl |
1.5 pt |
PPI |
0.8 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
8.5 |
8.5 |
7.8 |
Prowl |
1.5 pt |
PRE |
1.3 |
0.8 |
2.5 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
3.5 |
Goal 2XL |
2 pt |
PRE |
2.5 |
2.0 |
0.5 |
7.8 |
7.3 |
5.3 |
Treflan + Goal 2XL |
1 pt + 2 pt |
PPI + PRE |
0.0 |
0.5 |
1.0 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
Valor |
2 oz |
PRE |
4.8 |
4.3 |
2.5 |
7.3 |
7.3 |
3.8 |
Valor |
2 oz |
POST2 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
9.3 |
9.8 |
7.8 |
Valor |
2 oz |
POST3 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
8.8 |
Authority |
2 oz |
PRE |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.3 |
9.0 |
9.0 |
6.0 |
Authority |
2 oz |
POST2 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
9.5 |
9.0 |
6.5 |
Authority |
2 oz |
POST3 |
2.0 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.5 |
Authority +Valor |
2 oz +2 oz |
PRE |
5.0 |
5.0 |
3.5 |
8.8 |
8.3 |
5.8 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST2 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
10.0 |
9.5 |
8.8 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST3 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
0.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
Treflan + Dacthal |
1 pt + 8 lbs |
PPI + POST1 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
8.3 |
Treflan + Dual II Magnum |
1 pt + 1 pt |
PPI + POST1 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
9.3 |
9.8 |
8.3 |
Treflan + Outlook |
1 pt + 1 pt |
PPI + POST1 |
0.3 |
1.3 |
0.5 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
8.8 |
Treflan + Valor |
1 pt + 2 oz |
PPI + POST3 |
1.5 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
Treflan + Authority |
1 pt + 2 oz |
PPI + POST3 |
1.5 |
0.8 |
1.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
Treflan + Authority + Valor |
1 pt + 2 oz + 2 oz |
PPI + POST3 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
1.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
Treflan + Dacthal + Stinger |
1 pt + 8 lbs + 1/3 pt |
PPI + POST1 + POST4 |
0.5 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
9.8 |
9.8 |
8.3 |
Handweed check |
|
|
0.0 |
0.5 |
0.0 |
9.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
|
||||||||
LSD (0.05) |
1.5 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
1.2 |
||
Probability |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
||
C.V. (%) |
69 |
57 |
85 |
9 |
8 |
11 |
1Ratings: 0 is no effect (no weed control or no crop injury); 10 is complete weed or crop kill.
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Table 41. Lambsquarters and hairy nightshade ratings and cabbage yields for the 2002 transplanted cabbage weed control study at the Oakes Irrigation Research Site.
Herbicides |
Rates |
Application timing |
Lambsquarters |
Hairy nightshade |
Cabbage yield |
||||
6/3 |
6/13 |
7/2 |
6/3 |
6/13 |
7/2 |
||||
|
|
|
----------------------- 0 to 101 ------------------------ |
tons/A |
|||||
|
|||||||||
Prowl |
1.5 pt |
PPI |
9.8 |
8.8 |
7.8 |
6.8 |
4.0 |
2.5 |
0.0 |
Prowl |
1.5 pt |
PRE |
9.0 |
8.3 |
7.0 |
6.3 |
3.5 |
3.8 |
0.0 |
Goal 2XL |
2 pt |
PRE |
8.8 |
7.3 |
5.3 |
9.3 |
7.8 |
7.5 |
1.6 |
Treflan + Goal 2XL |
1 pt + 2 pt |
PPI + PRE |
10.0 |
9.8 |
8.8 |
8.3 |
6.5 |
6.0 |
14.6 |
Valor |
2 oz |
PRE |
9.5 |
8.5 |
6.8 |
8.8 |
7.8 |
6.8 |
0.0 |
Valor |
2 oz |
POST2 |
8.8 |
7.8 |
6.8 |
9.8 |
9.0 |
9.5 |
18.9 |
Valor |
2 oz |
POST3 |
9.8 |
9.0 |
8.0 |
9.8 |
8.5 |
6.5 |
17.0 |
Authority |
2 oz |
PRE |
10.0 |
9.8 |
9.0 |
8.5 |
7.5 |
6.0 |
11.6 |
Authority |
2 oz |
POST2 |
10.0 |
9.5 |
8.0 |
8.3 |
7.5 |
5.5 |
5.7 |
Authority |
2 oz |
POST3 |
8.5 |
6.8 |
4.5 |
10.0 |
9.0 |
10.0 |
12.2 |
Authority +Valor |
2 oz +2 oz |
PRE |
9.5 |
9.5 |
8.5 |
9.0 |
8.5 |
6.8 |
4.3 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST2 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
9.0 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
9.8 |
29.3 |
Authority + Valor |
2 oz + 2 oz |
POST3 |
9.5 |
8.8 |
7.5 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
27.8 |
Treflan + Dacthal |
1 pt + 8 lbs |
PPI + POST1 |
9.8 |
9.3 |
8.8 |
7.0 |
5.3 |
3.8 |
0.8 |
Treflan + Dual II Magnum |
1 pt + 1 pt |
PPI + POST1 |
9.3 |
8.5 |
7.3 |
7.0 |
5.3 |
3.5 |
0.0 |
Treflan + Outlook |
1 pt + 1 pt |
PPI + POST1 |
9.5 |
9.0 |
7.8 |
6.8 |
5.5 |
3.5 |
1.9 |
Treflan + Valor |
1 pt + 2 oz |
PPI + POST3 |
9.3 |
8.3 |
7.0 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
9.8 |
26.7 |
Treflan + Authority |
1 pt + 2 oz |
PPI + POST3 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
8.8 |
9.8 |
8.5 |
7.3 |
23.8 |
Treflan + Authority + Valor |
1 pt + 2 oz + 2 oz |
PPI + POST3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
37.0 |
Treflan + Dacthal + Stinger |
1 pt + 8 lbs + 1/3 pt |
PPI + POST1 + POST4 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
8.5 |
7.0 |
7.5 |
8.8 |
28.4 |
Handweed check |
|
|
9.8 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
40.7 |
|
|||||||||
LSD(0.05) |
0.8 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
0.9 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
8.9 |
||
Probability |
0.003 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
||
C.V. (%) |
6 |
11 |
15 |
7 |
12 |
12 |
44 |
1Ratings: 0 is no effect (no weed control or no crop injury); 10 is complete weed or crop kill.
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