Oakes Irrigation Research
Site
Carrington Research Extension Center * North Dakota State University
P.O. Box 531, Oakes, ND 58474-0531, Voice: (701) 742-2189, FAX: (701)
742-2700, email: rgreenla@ndsuext.nodak.edu
CABBAGE HYBRID PERFORMANCE TRIAL
Richard Greenland, Leonard Besemann and Delores Anderson
Table 5. Early stand, yields, quality and head shape of early (fresh market) cabbage
Table 6. Head characteristics of fresh market cabbage
Table 7. Late (slaw market) harvest data
Table 8. Cabbage head characteristics for the late (slaw market) harvest
Cabbage grows well in the cool climate of North Dakota, but cabbage production is limited due to market uncertainty and lack of information on available hybrids. We evaluated the suitability of 14 cabbage hybrids for both the fresh and slaw markets. These 14 hybrids were evaluated using three planting methods: direct seeded, plug transplants, and bare-root transplants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil: |
Embden sandy loam, Hecla sandy loam and Maddock sandy loam; pH=6.3; 2.5% organic matter; soil-P and soil-K were very high; soil-S was low. |
Previous crops: |
2001 - sweetcorn and pumpkin; 2000 - field corn; 1999 - soybean. |
Seedbed preparation: |
Disked Nov 1, 2001. Multiweeded (field cultivated) twice on May 1 to incorporate herbicide and fertilizer. |
Planting: |
Direct seeded cabbage and a barley cover crop (0.45 bu/acre) on May 1 with a Monosem precision planter. Cabbage seeds were spaced about 7 inches apart in 18-inch rows. Plants were later thinned to 15 inches apart (about 26,000 plants/acre). Seeds were placed about ½ to ¾ inches deep into a flat, fine seedbed. A row of barley was planted between and parallel to the cabbage rows. Started transplants in greenhouse on April 8. Transplanted cabbage to the field on May 10. As it was planted, each plant received ½ cup of fertilizer solution (1 gal 10-34-0 in 100 gal of water). Sprayed Fusilade + NIS (12 oz/acre + 1 pt/25 gal) on June 7 to kill the barley cover crop. |
Plots: |
Main plots were 34 ft long by one row (17 inches) wide. Each main plot was divided into two 17-ft long sections. The study had 4 reps. |
Fertilizer: |
On April 18, broadcast 18 lbs N/acre and 20 lbs S/acre as 21-0-0-24. Sprayed 60 lbs N/acre as 28-0-0 on June 7. Applied 50 lbs N/acre as urea on July 3. |
Irrigation: |
Irrigated 0.5 inch with hand-move, overhead sprinklers on May 24 and on May 31. Irrigated with underground drip irrigation as needed the rest of the season. |
Pest Control: |
Weeds were controlled using Treflan (1 pt/acre applied preplant incorporated on May 1) and by hand weeding. Sprayed Sevin (1 qt/acre on May 29 and June 5) to control flea beetle. Asana (8 oz/acre on June 20 and July 2), DiPel (1 lb/acre on June 28, July 19, July 29, and Aug 12), and Ambush (12 oz/acre on Aug 12) controlled cabbage looper and cabbage worm. |
Harvest: |
One section of each main plot was hand harvested when heads were firm and of marketable size (early harvest). The other section was harvested about two weeks later (late harvest). Cabbage head characteristics were measured on representative cabbage heads selected at each harvest from each plot. |
Fresco and Matsumo were the best cabbage overall for both fresh and slaw market in both transplanted and direct seeded. The head density of Matsumo exceeded that of Fresco. Charmant, Gazebo and Matsumo had the best taste. Transplanted cabbage generally was earlier maturing and had higher yields and better quality than direct seeded cabbage. Plug transplants were much easier to plant, but bare-root transplants were less expensive. Cabbage yield and quality were similar for both transplanting methods.
Go to top of cabbage hybrid performance trial
Table 5. Early stand, yields, quality and head shape of early (fresh market) cabbage in the OIRS 2002 cabbage hybrid performance trial.
Planting method or hybrid |
Seed source1 |
Early stand2 |
Days to harvest |
Harvest spread3 |
Number of heads |
Yield |
Overall score |
Head shape4 |
Head size |
|
|
1000s/A |
-------- days -------- |
1000s/A |
tons/A |
1 to 10 |
1 to 5 |
lbs/head |
|
|
|||||||||
Planting method (averaged over hybrid) |
|||||||||
Bare root transplant |
23.3 b5 |
91 a |
18 |
18.1 a |
22.9 a |
7.8 a |
3.4 |
2.6 |
|
Direct seed |
30.7 a |
109 b |
17 |
15.5 b |
18.7 b |
7.2 b |
3.4 |
2.6 |
|
Plug transplant |
23.9 b |
91 a |
16 |
19.6 a |
25.0 a |
7.9 a |
3.4 |
2.6 |
|
|
|||||||||
Probability |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
0.49 |
0.008 |
0.006 |
0.0003 |
0.58 |
0.91 |
|
|
|||||||||
Hybrid (averaged over planting method) |
|||||||||
Amtrak |
BE |
26.8 ab |
114 g |
24 d |
8.1 f |
12.5 i |
6.9 f |
4.7 a |
3.2 a |
Artost |
BE |
26.3 ab |
86 c |
14 ab |
21.2 ab |
27.1 bcd |
8.0 cde |
3.0 e |
2.5 cd |
Bartolo |
BE |
26.1 abc |
115 g |
22 cd |
12.0 e |
15.8 i |
7.8 de |
4.4 b |
2.7 c |
Bronco |
BE |
25.5 bc |
101 e |
21 cd |
18.6 cd |
24.9 cde |
8.1 bcd |
3.4 d |
2.7 c |
Charmant |
SK |
27.5 ab |
85 bc |
14 ab |
22.6 a |
24.3 def |
8.4 ab |
3.0 e |
2.1 f |
Fresco |
BE |
26.5 ab |
96 d |
18 bcd |
19.6 bcd |
30.2 ab |
6.8 f |
3.0 e |
3.1 ab |
Gazebo |
BE |
27.9 a |
88 c |
14 ab |
20.8 abc |
23.3 efg |
8.3 bc |
3.4 d |
2.3 ef |
General |
BE |
27.3 ab |
81 a |
14 ab |
21.4 ab |
20.6 gh |
5.9 h |
3.1 e |
1.9 g |
Histona |
BE |
20.9 d |
83 ab |
14 ab |
17.8 d |
21.2 fgh |
6.3 g |
3.8 c |
2.4 de |
Matsumo |
BE |
27.0 ab |
99 de |
18 bcd |
20.4 abc |
30.7 a |
8.0 cde |
2.0 f |
3.0 b |
Morris |
BE |
23.9 c |
86 bc |
16 abc |
20.1 bcd |
25.0 cde |
7.6 e |
3.0 e |
2.5 cd |
Ramada |
BE |
26.8 ab |
101 e |
21 cd |
20.5 abc |
27.7 abc |
8.7 a |
3.1 e |
2.7 c |
Ranchero |
BE |
26.8 ab |
107 f |
21 cd |
20.9 abc |
20.0 h |
8.1 bcd |
3.0 e |
1.9 g |
Saratoga |
BE |
23.8 c |
117 g |
9 a |
4.8 g |
7.5 j |
8.0 b-e |
4.5 ab |
3.3 a |
|
|||||||||
Probability |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
0.0004 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
|
C.V. (%) |
11 |
4 |
46 |
17 |
18 |
6 |
7 |
10 |
|
Interactions: head size - For early maturing cabbage, transplant head bigger; for late maturing cabbage, direct seeded head bigger. Overall score - Overall score for direct seeded cabbage was lower (compared to transplants) with early maturing hybrids. Stand - interaction due to a few hybrids (Histona, Morris, and Saratoga) that did not have a good stand in direct seeded cabbage.
1See Appendix A for a list of seed sources.
2Stand before thinning.
3Harvest spread = days between first head ready to harvest until last head in plot ready to harvest.
4Head shape: 1 is very flat; 2 is flat; 3 is round; 4 is tall; 5 is very tall.
5Values in the same column and section followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.
Go to top of cabbage hybrid performance trial
Table 6. Head characteristics of fresh market cabbage in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2002 cabbage hybrid performance trial.
Hybrid |
Seed source1 |
Head density2 |
Head width |
Head height |
Inside color3 |
Outside color4 |
Core length |
Core width |
|
|
1 to 5 |
-------- inches -------- |
1 to 8 |
2 to 8 |
----- inches ------ |
||
|
||||||||
Planting method (averaged over hybrid) |
||||||||
Bare root transplant |
4.3 a5 |
5.7 |
6.2 |
1.6 b |
2.8 |
3.3 |
1.20 |
|
Direct seed |
3.8 b |
5.8 |
6.2 |
1.7 a |
2.8 |
3.4 |
1.21 |
|
Plug transplant |
4.3 a |
5.7 |
6.2 |
1.6 b |
2.7 |
3.3 |
1.18 |
|
|
||||||||
Probability |
<.0001 |
0.38 |
0.88 |
0.007 |
0.16 |
0.08 |
0.06 |
|
|
||||||||
Hybrid (averaged over planting method) |
||||||||
Amtrak |
BE |
4.3 de |
5.7 d |
7.6 a |
1.0 f |
2.1 h |
4.6 h |
1.40 g |
Artost |
BE |
4.1 ef |
5.9 b |
5.9 fg |
1.2 de |
2.3 efg |
3.2 cd |
1.16 de |
Bartolo |
BE |
4.8 ab |
5.3 ef |
7.0 c |
1.0 f |
2.1 gh |
4.2 g |
1.25 f |
Bronco |
BE |
4.8 ab |
5.7 cd |
6.3 e |
1.0 f |
2.2 gh |
3.5 e |
1.28 f |
Charmant |
SK |
4.3 de |
5.5 de |
5.5 h |
1.1 ef |
3.0 b |
3.2 cd |
1.15 de |
Fresco |
BE |
3.1 g |
6.5 a |
6.5 d |
1.4 c |
2.3 fgh |
3.6 e |
1.15 de |
Gazebo |
BE |
4.7 bc |
5.4 e |
6.0 f |
1.1 ef |
2.7 c |
2.7 ab |
1.19 e |
General |
BE |
2.3 i |
5.6 d |
5.8 g |
1.7 b |
2.6 cd |
3.1 cd |
1.08 bc |
Histona |
BE |
2.8 h |
5.5 de |
6.4 de |
1.7 b |
2.4 def |
3.1 cd |
1.05 ab |
Matsumo |
BE |
4.4 cd |
6.5 a |
5.3 i |
1.0 f |
2.2 gh |
2.6 a |
1.13 cd |
Morris |
BE |
3.9 f |
5.9 bc |
5.9 fg |
1.2 cd |
2.4 de |
3.3 d |
1.17 de |
Ramada |
BE |
5.0 a |
5.7 d |
6.1 f |
1.0 f |
2.2 gh |
3.1 c |
1.29 f |
Ranchero |
BE |
4.8 ab |
5.1 f |
5.2 i |
7.4 a |
8.0 a |
2.8 b |
1.00 a |
Saratoga |
BE |
4.9 ab |
5.5 de |
7.2 b |
1.0 f |
2.2 gh |
4.0 f |
1.43 g |
|
||||||||
Probability |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
|
C.V. (%) |
8 |
5 |
4 |
11 |
8 |
7 |
5 |
|
1See Appendix A for a list of seed sources.
2Visual estimate of head density: 1 is low, 5 is high.
3Inside head color: 1 is whitish green; 2 is yellow green; 3-5 is light to dark green; 6-8 light to dark purple.
4Outside head color: 2-4 is light to dark green; 8 is purple.
5Values in the same column and section followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.
Go to top of cabbage hybrid performance trial
Table 7. Late (slaw market) harvest data for the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2002 cabbage hybrid performance trial.
Planting method or hybrid |
Seed source1 |
Early stand2 |
Days to Harvest |
Number of heads |
Yield |
Overall score |
Head shape3 |
Head size |
|
|
1000s/acre |
|
1000s/acre |
tons/acre |
1 to 10 |
1 to 5 |
lbs/head |
|
||||||||
Planting method (averaged over hybrid) |
||||||||
Bare root transplant |
23.0 b4 |
102 a |
16.7 b |
30.0 ab |
7.7 b |
2.9 |
3.7 |
|
Direct seed |
29.5 a |
121 b |
15.2 b |
27.5 b |
7.5 b |
3.0 |
3.7 |
|
Plug transplant |
23.8 b |
100 a |
18.9 a |
32.8 a |
8.1 a |
2.9 |
3.6 |
|
|
||||||||
Probability |
0.0006 |
<.0001 |
0.005 |
0.017 |
0.02 |
0.23 |
0.84 |
|
|
||||||||
Hybrid (averaged over planting method) |
||||||||
Amtrak5 |
BE |
25.9 ab |
— |
3.3 d |
4.9 g |
— |
— |
— |
Artost |
BE |
27.8 a |
103 c |
20.6 a |
38.2 bc |
8.0 bc |
3.0 bc |
3.7 bcd |
Bartolo5 |
BE |
25.6 abc |
— |
9.0 c |
14.0 f |
— |
— |
— |
Bronco |
BE |
26.2 ab |
119 f |
19.9 ab |
37.6 bc |
8.5 ab |
3.0 bc |
3.8 bc |
Charmant |
SK |
27.9 a |
99 b |
21.8 a |
32.5 d |
8.5 ab |
3.0 bc |
3.0 f |
Fresco |
BE |
23.9 bcd |
112 d |
17.5 b |
43.9 a |
7.6 c |
3.0 bc |
5.0 a |
Gazebo |
BE |
26.5 ab |
104 c |
22.1 a |
36.7 bcd |
8.8 a |
3.1 b |
3.3 def |
General |
BE |
25.3 a-d |
95 a |
20.9 a |
34.1 cd |
6.2 d |
2.7 d |
3.2 ef |
Histona |
BE |
24.3 bcd |
98 ab |
19.3 ab |
39.5 ab |
5.9 d |
3.7 a |
4.1 b |
Matsumo |
BE |
26.2 ab |
114 de |
20.4 ab |
39.8 ab |
8.0 bc |
2.0 e |
3.9 bc |
Morris |
BE |
22.8 cd |
101 bc |
20.4 ab |
35.1 bcd |
7.7 c |
2.9 c |
3.6 cde |
Ramada |
BE |
25.3 a-d |
118 ef |
20.6 a |
38.3 bc |
8.8 a |
3.0 bc |
3.8 bc |
Ranchero |
BE |
25.6 abc |
121 f |
19.4 ab |
25.0 e |
7.6 c |
3.0 bc |
2.6 g |
Saratoga5 |
BE |
22.6 d |
— |
1.7 d |
1.7 g |
— |
— |
— |
|
||||||||
Probability |
0.013 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
|
C.V. (%) |
14 |
4 |
21 |
20 |
11 |
7 |
13 |
|
Hybrid by planting method interactions: Most hybrid yields were equal for any planting method, except for late maturing cabbage, and for Artost, Bronco, and Fresco, which did better transplanted than direct seeded. Fresco, Morris, and Saratoga had poor stands when direct seeded. The number of heads was less for some hybrids when direct seeded due to lower stands and late harvests.
1See Appendix A for a list of seed sources.
2Stand before thinning.
3Head shape: 1 is very flat; is flat; 3 is round; 4 is tall; 5 is very tall.
4Values in the same column and section followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.
5For these varieties, most plants did not mature, so some characteristics could not be measured accurately. Low yields were due to many plots having zero yield.
Go to top of cabbage hybrid performance trial
Table 8. Cabbage head characteristics for the late (slaw market) harvest in the Oakes Irrigation Research Site 2002 cabbage hybrid performance trial.
Hybrid |
Seed source1 |
Head density2 |
Head width |
Head height |
Inside color3 |
Outside color4 |
Core length |
Core width |
|
|
1 to 5 |
-------- inches -------- |
1 to 8 |
2 to 8 |
----- inches ------ |
||
|
||||||||
Planting method (averaged over hybrid) |
||||||||
Bare root transplants |
4.8 a5 |
6.6 |
6.4 |
1.6 |
3.4 |
3.2 |
1.16 |
|
Direct seed |
4.5 b |
6.6 |
6.5 |
1.6 |
3.1 |
3.4 |
1.14 |
|
Plug transplants |
4.7 a |
6.5 |
6.4 |
1.6 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
1.17 |
|
|
||||||||
Probability |
0.004 |
0.43 |
0.35 |
0.18 |
0.11 |
0.06 |
0.46 |
|
|
||||||||
Hybrids (averaged over planting methods) |
||||||||
Artost |
BE |
4.8 a |
6.9 b |
6.6 b |
1.0 c |
3.0 bc |
3.3 cd |
1.18 b |
Bronco |
BE |
5.0 a |
6.5 d |
6.7 b |
1.0 c |
2.3 f |
3.7 e |
1.29 c |
Charmant |
SK |
4.9 a |
6.1 f |
6.1 d |
1.0 c |
3.2 b |
3.1 abc |
1.17 b |
Fresco |
BE |
4.3 b |
7.2 a |
7.1 a |
1.3 b |
2.9 bcd |
4.0 e |
1.14 b |
Gazebo |
BE |
5.0 a |
6.2 ef |
6.7 b |
1.0 c |
2.9 bc |
2.8 a |
1.18 b |
General |
BE |
3.6 c |
6.8 bc |
6.2 cd |
1.2 b |
2.9 bcd |
3.3 bc |
1.12 b |
Histona |
BE |
4.0 b |
6.4 de |
7.3 a |
1.0 c |
2.7 cde |
3.7 de |
1.03 a |
Matsumo |
BE |
4.8 a |
7.3 a |
5.7 e |
1.0 c |
2.5 def |
2.9 ab |
1.13 b |
Morris |
BE |
4.8 a |
6.8 bc |
6.5 bc |
1.0 c |
2.9 bcd |
3.1 abc |
1.16 b |
Ramada |
BE |
5.0 a |
6.5 cd |
6.5 b |
1.0 c |
2.5 ef |
3.3 c |
1.32 c |
Ranchero |
BE |
4.9 a |
5.5 g |
5.5 e |
7.2 a |
8.0 a |
2.9 ab |
1.00 a |
|
||||||||
Probability |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
<.0001 |
|
C.V. (%) |
7 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
13 |
13 |
7 |
|
1See Appendix A for a list of seed sources.
2Visual estimate of head density: 1 is low, 5 is high.
3Inside head color: 1 is whitish green; 2 is yellow green; 3-5 is light to dark green; 6-8 light to dark purple.
4Outside head color: 2-4 is light to dark green; 8 is purple.
5Values in the same column and section followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.
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