NUTRITIONAL
VALUE OF RAW AND EXTRUDED FIELD PEA
IN STARTER DIETS OF SEGREGATED EARLY WEANED PIGS
1D. Landblom and C. Poland
Dickinson Research Extension Center ,
North Dakota State University
ABSTRACT
An evaluation of nutrient-dense pig starter diets for segregated early weaned (SEW) pigs
was conducted by replacing corn and soybean meal (SBM) with 30 and 50% raw or extruded
field pea in a baseline experiment (Expt. 1), and 20 and 40% raw or extruded field pea in
a modified experiment (Expt. 2). Light weight pigs (those weighing 11 pounds) allotted to
treatments in experiment one responded poorly to raw field pea, therefore, an additional
supporting experiment was conducted to determine when pigs averaging 11 pounds and 14 days
of age could effectively begin consuming SEW diets containing 20% extruded field pea.
Using a two-phase starter diet (Table 1), pigs fed the corn/SBM
control diet performed better than pigs fed diets containing 30 and 50% peas. Within pea
diets, pig response was similar between the diets containing 30 and 50% peas. Although no
difference was found between the performance of pigs fed either raw or extruded pea, there
was a trend toward better performance when 30% extruded pea was fed. Pig performance
decreased as the level of extruded peas in the diet increased whereas the opposite was
true for the raw peas.
In the second experiment, pigs averaging 16 pounds at weaning and fed a 4-phase starter
diet performed better when fed the corn/SBM control. The control pigs grew faster and were
more efficient than the average of pigs fed pea starters. Within pea diets, pigs fed
extruded pea tended to grow faster and consume more feed than pigs fed raw pea. Pigs fed
20% extruded pea had numerically similar ADG and ADFI when compared to the control, but
feed efficiency and feed cost/pound of gain favored the control. Feeding 40% raw pea
yielded the poorest pig performance.
Management methods for using field pea diets in light weaning weight pigs, fed 4-phase
diets, were evaluated in experiment 3. Pigs fed the control diet and the diet containing
20% extruded pea two weeks following weaning tended to perform similarly. Likewise, feed
costs per pound of gain between these two groups were similar. Although not significantly
different, pigs fed the diet containing 20% extruded pea immediately after weaning tended
to grow slower, with poorer feed conversion efficiency, and greater cost per pound of gain
than pigs fed the control diet.
Based on the results of these experiments replacing corn and SBM with raw and extruded
field pea, these feedstuffs can play a role in weanling pig diets, but the levels used
must be restricted. Small pigs weighing less than 11 pounds at weaning should not be fed
raw pea. Pigs weighing at least 16 pounds can be fed raw pea, but the level should be less
than 20%. Canadian research suggests a maximum of 15%. In the case of extruded pea,
weanling pig performance was improved relative to raw pea, but its use must also be
restricted. When competitively priced in "least-cost" or "best-cost"
formulations, no more than 20% extruded pea can be recommended.
INTRODUCTION
North Dakota is a state experiencing many changes in the agricultural sector, especially
with freedom to farm provisions in the new farm bill. While wheat is the most economically
important crop grown, emerging alternative crops are being grown more frequently for use
in livestock systems and crop rotations. In crop rotations, alternative crops can aid crop
disease control and compliment residual soil nutrient levels. The field pea is one such
emerging alternative crop.
Pea grain has indirectly been valued for its nutrient composition as a human food since
initial cultivation several thousand years ago.
Field pea contains on the average 23% protein, 3,420 kcal/kg of digestible energy, 1.3%
fat, 5.5% crude fiber and 1.6% lysine. They are, however, a poor source of the
sulphur-containing amino acids: methionine and cystine (Wiseman and Cole, 1988). In
addition, antinutritional factors (trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, lectins and
tannins) in raw field pea limit the quantity that can be fed to pigs, particularly the SEW
pig.
Protease inhibitors are proteins with specific antitrypsin and antichymotrypsin activity,
which decrease the digestibility of protein and cause pancreatic hypertrophy (Griffiths,
1984). Trypsin inhibiting activity of raw pea was reported by Valdebouze and co-workers
(1980) to be from 5-20 times less than that reported for raw soybeans.
Heat treatment appears to be a viable option for deactivation of the trypsin and
chymotrypsin that interfere with protein digestion. Heat processing at high temperatures,
such as can be obtained with extrusion (250 - 290 F), can deactivate protease inhibitors
(van Zuilichem and van der Poel, 1989). The extent of destruction is a function of
temperature, duration of heating, particle size, moisture and variety (Liener, 1983).
The objective of this investigation was to determine the substitution value of raw or
extruded field pea when replacing corn and soybean meal in SEW pig starter diets.
PROCEDURE
Three experiments were conducted in this evaluation of raw and extruded field pea. The
first was a preliminary study that evaluated 0, 30 and 50% raw and extruded pea diets to
establish a pig acceptance and performance baseline. The second study was similar, but was
changed to a 4-phase feeding program for pigs averaging 16 pounds at weaning, and the raw
and extruded pea levels were reduced 10% from 30 and 50% to 20 and 40%.
A third study focused on feeding management for young, light weaning weight pigs, by
comparing a corn/SBM diet to a 20% extruded pea diet that was fed either immediately after
weaning or delayed for two weeks to determine which method would give early weaned pigs
the most favorable initial start after weaning.
Raw peas were extruded by Maertens Manufacturing Company, Center, North Dakota, using an
Insta-Pro ® extruder. Before extrusion, pea was ground through a
number four screen, and 5% sunflower oil added to reduce starch expansion. Extrusion
temperature of the peas used in these experiments averaged 275F ± 15F. After extrusion,
the extruded pea material was re-ground through a 1/8 inch screen using a New Holland
grinder/mixer and incorporated into the nutrient dense 2-phase and 4-phase starter diets
shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Data was analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS (SAS, 1988).
Experiment 1
One-hundred-five,14.5 day-old pigs (averaging 10.8 lbs.) were randomly allotted to receive
0, 30 and 50% raw or extruded field pea in a 29 day preliminary study. There were three
pens per treatment and seven pigs per pen. At weaning the pigs were vaccinated with a
3-way multivalent vaccine and moved to an environmentally-controlled, segregated, early
weaning facility and fed the meal-type 2-phase starter diets shown in
Table 1. Phase-1 diets were fed for 14 days, followed by Phase-2 diets for the
remaining 15 days. Pigs and feed were weighed at weekly intervals and feed and water were
provided on an ad libitum basis. Raw or extruded field pea was added to the basal diet at
the expense of corn, SBM and fish meal. Dietary protein and lysine concentrations were
equivalent across diets within each phase. Synthetic methionine was added to provide a
minimum of .96 and .61% methionine-cystine in Phase 1 and 2 diets. All other amino acids
were provided by dietary ingredients with no consideration given to their ratio to lysine.
Experiment 2
One-hundred-sixty pigs, initially averaging 16 pounds and 18 days of age, were weaned,
vaccinated and randomly allotted to 0, 20 and 40% raw or extruded field pea treatments in
a 28-day nursery study. There were four pen replicates per treatment with eight pigs per
pen. At weaning, the pigs were handled and vaccinated the same as in experiment 1 and
transferred directly to the SEW facility. The 4-phase starter program, shown in Table 2, was used to develop the pigs and evaluate the form and
level of pea fed. The diets were formulated to contain constant crude protein, lysine and
energy concentrations across treatments. Synthetic methionine was added to provide an
average across treatments that was .8% in the first three phases and .75% in the last
phase. Other amino acids were provided by dietary ingredients as in the first experiment.
Amino acid supplementation was similar to that described in experiment 1.
Experiment 3
Seventy-four pigs, averaging 11 pounds and 14 days of age, were weaned, vaccinated and
transferred to the SEW facility. Treatments evaluated were: corn/SBM control, 20% extruded
pea, and a treatment in which the control diet was fed for two weeks followed by the 20%
extruded pea diet. A 4-phase starter program, similar to the one used in experiment 2, was
fed for 35 days. Phase 1 was fed for 14 days, and the remaining three phases were fed 7
days each. Diet formulations for the control and 20% extruded pea treatments were
identical to those in experiment 2, and are also shown in Table 2.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment 1
Feeding levels of 30% and 50% raw and extruded field pea to replace corn and soybean meal
(SBM) were used in an initial investigation to establish baseline performance levels.
Using a two-phase starter diet (Table 1), pigs fed the corn/SBM
control diet performed better than pigs fed diets containing peas. Within the pea diets,
pig response was similar between the diets containing 30 and 50% peas, and no difference
was found between the performance of pigs fed either raw or extruded pea. A field pea by
processing method interaction was noted such that pig performance decreased as the level
of extruded peas in the diet increased whereas the opposite was true for the raw peas.
We observed that smaller pigs, allotted in treatments with larger pigs where raw peas were
fed, performed poorly, suggesting that raw pea was ill suited for small pigs weaned at 2
weeks of age and weighing less than 11 pounds. This observation led us to design two
additional studies.
Experiment 2
Pigs, averaging 16 pounds at weaning, were fed the 4-phase starter diet shown in Table 2 and the data has been summarized in Table
4. When pigs consuming the corn/soybean meal diet were compared to the performance of
pigs fed pea diets, the control pigs grew faster and were more efficient than the average
of pigs fed the pea diets. Within pea diets, pigs consuming the extruded pea diets tended
to grow faster and consume more feed than pigs fed raw peas.
Pea level was also a significant source of difference and influenced pig performance. Pigs
consuming 20% pea (raw or extruded) performed better (P<.05) for all performance
criteria measured (gain, feed intake and feed and gain efficiency) than pigs fed 40% pea
diets. The response observed was primarily associated with diets containing raw pea.
Increasing the level of raw pea from 20 to 40% resulted in poorer feed conversions, but
when the level of extruded pea was increased from 20 to 40%, feed conversion was not
affected.
Feed cost per pound of gain was lower for the control diet versus the average of the pea
diets. Also, feed cost per pound of gain was lower for diets containing 20% pea versus
diets containing 40% pea. Average daily gain between pigs fed the control and 20% extruded
pea diets was similar, but growth for the 20% extruded pea group cost $.04 more/pound of
gain, which is a function of slightly slower gain efficiency and higher cost/ton
($41.67/ton more) for extruded pea. Feed cost per pound of gain was similar between pigs
consuming the corn/soybean meal control diet and the diet containing 20% raw pea. It must
be noted, however, that the pigs consuming the 20% raw pea diet were approximately two
pounds lighter at the end of the 28 day period.
Experiment 3
The results of experiments 1 and 2 defined the working limits for raw and extruded pea in
the SEW pig, as being less than 20% raw and not to exceed 20% when extruded. Since small
pigs (those averaging less than 11 lbs.) in experiment 1 grew poorly when offered raw pea,
20% extruded pea was considered as a comparison to the corn/SBM control. This experiment
was designed to determine if these small pigs would respond better to the corn/SBM control
diet immediately after weaning (2 wk.) followed by the 20% extruded pea diet for the
remaining 3 weeks, or whether the 20% extruded pea could be offered immediately after
weaning with good success.
The data has been summarized in Table 5. Pigs fed the control diet
and the diet containing 20% extruded pea two weeks following weaning tended to perform
similarly. Likewise, feed costs per pound of gain between these two groups were similar.
However, pigs fed the diet containing 20% extruded pea immediately after weaning tended to
grow slower, with poorer feed conversion efficiency, and greater cost per pound of gain
than pigs fed the control diet.
IMPLICATION
Based on the results of these experiments replacing corn and SBM with raw and extruded
field pea, these feedstuffs can play a role in weanling pig diets, but the levels used
must be restricted. Small pigs weighing less than 11 pounds at weaning should not be fed
raw pea. Pigs weighing at least 16 pounds can be fed raw pea, but the level should less
than 20%. Canadian research suggests a maximum of 15%. In the case of extruded pea,
weanling pig performance was improved relative to raw pea, but its use must also must be
restricted. When competitively priced in "least-cost" or "best-cost"
formulations, no more than 20% extruded pea can be recommended.
Table 1. Pig starter diets formulated with
30% and 50% raw and extruded field pea
Control | 30% Field Pea | 50% Field Pea | ||||
Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | |
Ingredients, % | ||||||
Corn | 43.2 | 47.8 | 19.5 | 32.4 | 9.0 | 21.2 |
Raw or Extruded Pea | --- | --- | 30.0 | 30.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 |
Dried Whey | 25.0 | 10.0 | 25.0 | 10.0 | 25.0 | 10.0 |
Soybean Meal | 13.0 | 33.5 | 8.5 | 19.8 | --- | 10.4 |
Fish Meal, 60% | 10.3 | --- | 4.0 | --- | 4.0 | --- |
Porcine Plasma | 5.0 | --- | 5.0 | --- | 5.0 | --- |
Methionine | --- | --- | .35 | .13 | .35 | .25 |
Lysine | .15 | .28 | .15 | .22 | .1 | .20 |
Mineral Premix | .60 | .75 | .65 | .75 | .65 | .75 |
Dicalcium Phosphate | .95 | .65 | 1.0 | .65 | 1.0 | |
Sunflower Oil | 1.0 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 4.0 |
Limestone | .3 | .75 | .75 | .75 | .75 | .75 |
Othera | 1.49 | 1.49 | 1.49 | 1.49 | 1.49 | 1.49 |
Analysis, %:b | ||||||
C. Protein | 22.2 | 20.2 | 22.2 | 20.2 | 22.2 | 20.2 |
Calcium | 1.0 | .85 | 1.0 | .85 | 1.0 | .85 |
Avail. Phos. | .53 | .39 | .48 | .39 | .48 | .38 |
Lysine | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.4 |
Methionine + cys. | .90 | .63 | .96 | .61 | .90 | .62 |
Energy kcal/lb | 1.48 | 1.52 | 1.49 | 1.48 | 1.46 | 1.47 |
Cost/Poundc | $.228 | $.147 | $.288 | $.147 | $.287 | $.150 |
aIncludes 1.22% Mecadox premix, .1% vit. B
complex, .075% copper sulfate, .025% zinc sulfate and .07% vitamin A,D and E. bExcept
for methionine, all other amino acids were provided by dietary ingredients with no
consideration given to their ratio to lysine.
cBased on costs of corn at $3.90/bu, soybean meal at $245/ton, raw pea at
$153.33/ton and extruded pea at $195.36/ton.
Table 2. Pig starter diets formulated with 20% and 40% raw and extruded pea.
Phases |
Control | 20% Raw Pea | 20% Extruded Pea | 40% Raw Pea | 40% Extruded Pea | |||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Ingredients, % | ||||||||||||||||||||
Corn | 31.0 | 40.5 | 50.4 | 63.0 | 19.1 | 28.4 | 37.7 | 51.0 | 19.1 | 28.4 | 37.7 | 51.0 | 3.8 | 16.2 | 25.3 | 38.0 | 3.8 | 16.2 | 25.3 | 38.0 |
Raw Pea | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Extruded Pea | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 |
Dried Whey | 25.0 | 18.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 18.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 18.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 18.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 18.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 |
Soybean Meal | 11.0 | 21.0 | 25.0 | 26.0 | 2.5 | 12.0 | 16.8 | 17.0 | 2.5 | 12.0 | 16.8 | 17.0 | 0.0 | 3.25 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 0.0 | 3.25 | 8.0 | 8.0 |
Fish Meal | 10.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 6.5 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 6.5 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
Animal Plasma | 10.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Lysine | .2 | .15 | .29 | .2 | .15 | .11 | .22 | .16 | .15 | .11 | .22 | .16 | .08 | .06 | .18 | .12 | .08 | .06 | .18 | .12 |
Methionine | 0.0 | .15 | .2 | .1 | 0.0 | .26 | .27 | .2 | 0.0 | .26 | .27 | .2 | 0.0 | .35 | .4 | .35 | 0.0 | .35 | .4 | .35 |
Mineral Premix | .9 | .9 | .9 | 1.0 | .9 | .9 | .9 | 1.0 | .9 | .9 | .9 | 1.0 | .9 | .9 | .9 | 1.0 | .9 | .9 | .9 | 1.0 |
Dical | 0.0 | .5 | .65 | .75 | 0.0 | .55 | .65 | .75 | 0.0 | .55 | .65 | .75 | .3 | .55 | .7 | .85 | .3 | .55 | .7 | .85 |
Limestone | 0.0 | 0.0 | .3 | .3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | .3 | .4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | .3 | .4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | .3 | .3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | .3 | .3 |
Sunflower Oil | 9.5 | 7.5 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 10.0 | 8.5 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 8.5 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 11.0 | 9.4 | 7.9 | 6.0 | 11.0 | 9.4 | 7.9 | 6.0 |
Other a | ||||||||||||||||||||
Analysis, %b | ||||||||||||||||||||
Crude Protein | 24.2 | 21.1 | 19.2 | 19.3 | 24.3 | 21.0 | 19.4 | 19.3 | 24.3 | 21.0 | 19.4 | 19.3 | 24.6 | 21.1 | 19.5 | 19.3 | 24.6 | 21.1 | 19.5 | 19.3 |
Lysine | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 |
Tryptophan | .34 | .29 | .25 | .25 | .33 | .27 | .23 | .23 | .33 | .27 | .23 | .23 | .33 | .25 | .21 | .21 | .33 | .25 | .21 | .21 |
Methionine +Cyst. | .96 | .89 | .82 | .74 | .87 | .89 | .79 | .73 | .87 | .89 | .79 | .73 | .75 | .87 | .81 | .76 | .75 | .87 | .81 | .76 |
Calcium | .93 | .76 | .80 | .75 | .92 | .77 | .80 | .79 | .92 | .77 | .80 | .79 | .83 | .76 | .80 | .78 | .83 | .76 | .80 | .78 |
Avial. Phos. | .55 | .48 | .45 | .42 | .54 | .48 | .44 | .41 | .54 | .48 | .44 | .41 | .54 | .48 | .44 | .42 | .50 | .48 | .44 | .42 |
Energy, kcal ME/lb | 1.63 | 1.59 | 1.55 | 1.53 | 1.63 | 1.59 | 1.55 | 1.53 | 1.63 | 1.59 | 1.55 | 1.53 | 1.63 | 1.59 | 1.55 | 1.53 | 1.63 | 1.59 | 1.55 | 1.53 |
aIncludes 1.22% Mecadox premix, .05% copper
sulfate, .8% zinc sulfate, .27% vit. B complex and .05% vit. A,D and E (Note: .8% zin
c sulfate removed from all phase-4 diets).
bExcept for methionine, all other amino acids were provided by dietary
ingredients with no consideration given to their ratio to lysine.
Extruded Pea | Raw Pea | SEd |
||||
0% | 30% | 50% | 30% | 50% | ||
GROWTH PERFORMANCE: | ||||||
Starting Weight, lb. | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 10.8 | 10.7 | |
29-Day Weight, lb. | 26.0 | 21.0 | 18.1 | 18.1 | 19.4 | |
Gain/Head, lb. | 15.1 | 10.2 | 7.8 | 7.25 | 8.7 | |
ADG, lbs.ab | .52 | .35 | .27 | .25 | .30 | .025 |
FEEDING ECONOMICS: | ||||||
Feed/Head, lb. | 28.2 | 22.1 | 20.2 | 19.8 | 22.0 |
ADFI, lb.a | .97 | .76 | .69 | .68 | .76 | .047 |
Gain:Feed, lb.ab | .54 | .45 | .38 | .36 | .39 | .020 |
Fd Cost/Head | $4.54 | $3.71 | $3.50 | $3.26 | $3.56 | .205 |
Fd Cost/Lb. Gainabc | $.30 | $.37 | $.46 | $.46 | $.41 | .022 |
Corn/ SBOM Control |
20% |
40% |
|
|||
Raw | Extruded | Raw | Extruded | |||
GROWTH PERFORMANCE: | ||||||
Starting Weight, lb. | 16 .3 | 16.2 | 16.2 | 16.3 | 16.2 | |
28-Day Weight, lb. | 37.0 | 35.1 | 36.2 | 30.6 | 34.0 | |
Gain/Head, lb.ac | 20.7 | 18.9 | 20.0 | 14.3 | 17.8 | 1.15 |
ADG, lb.ac | .73 | .68 | .71 | .51 | .64 | .041 |
FEEDING ECONOMICS: | ||||||
Feed/Head, lb.bc | 35.0 | 32.9 | 36.3 | 28.5 | 33.1 | 1.78 |
ADFI, lb.bc | 1.25 | 1.18 | 1.30 | 1.02 | 1.18 | .064 |
G:F, lb.acd | .58 | .58 | .55 | .50 | .54 | .015 |
Feed Cost/Headbc | $7.69 | $7.14 | $8.22 | $6.23 | $7.49 | .385 |
Cost/Lb. of Gainacf | $.37 | $.37 | $.41 | $.43 | $.42 | .015 |
aControl diet differs from diets containing
field pea (P<.05).
bExtruded pea diets differ from raw pea diets (P<.05).
cLevel of 20% field pea differs from 40% field pea (P<.05).
dField pea x processing method interaction (P<.05).
eStandard error
fBased on costs of corn at $4.10/bu, soybean meal at $246/ton, raw peas at
$153.33/ton and extruded pea at $195/ton.
Corn/Soy Control |
Control + 20% Extruded
Pea 2 weeks Post-Wean |
20% Extruded Pea at Weaning |
SE |
|
GROWTH PERFORMANCE: | ||||
Starting Weight, lb. | 11.30 | 11.20 | 11.20 | |
35 Day Weight, lb. | 35.00 | 36.60 | 32.50 | |
Gain/Head, lb. | 23.70 | 25.40 | 21.30 | 1.5 |
ADG, lb. | .68 | .73 | .61 | .042 |
FEEDING ECONOMICS: | ||||
Feed/Head, lb. | 39.80 | 41.90 | 38.20 | 1.5 |
ADFI, lb. | 1.14 | 1.20 | 1.09 | .043 |
Gain:Feed, lb. | .60 | .61 | .56 | .022 |
Cost/Head | $10.25 | $10.78 | $10.00 | .218 |
Cost/Pound of Gainb | $.4322 | $.4240 | $.4710 | .024 |
aNo treatment differences (P<.05).
bIngredient costs were similar to those described in Table 4.
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inhibitor activities of various pea varieties (Pisum spp.) and field bean (Vicia
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SAS. 1988. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
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distribution of typsin inhibitors and hemagglutinins in some legume seeds. Can. Jour. of
Plant Sci, 60, 695-701.
van Zuilichem, D.J. and A.F.B. van der Poel. 1989. Effect of HTST treatment of Pisum
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der Poel and J.E. Liener (Editors), Recent Advances of Research in Antinutritional Factors
in Legume Seeds.
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Wageningen, The Netherlands, 23-25 November 1988. Pudoc, Wageningen, pp. 263-267.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors greatly appreciate funding support provided by the ND Agricultural Products
Utilization Commission and the ND Dry Pea and Lentil Association.
1Doug Landblom, Animal Scientist, Swine Specialist, Dickinson Research Extension Center, Dickinson, ND. Chip Poland, Area Livestock Specialist, Dickinson Research Extension Center, Dickinson, ND.