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Hard Red Spring Wheat and Durum Wheat Production Guide (continued)

A-1050, May 1998

Weed Control (continued)



Chemical Weed Control Guidelines

Herbicide Product/Aa
(lb ai/A)		 Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Chemical weed control for hard red spring wheat, durum and winter wheat.
Roundup Ultra
Roundup Ultra RT
Glyphos
(glyphosate)		 0.5 to 2 pt of 3 lb ae/gal conc. (0.19 to 0.75) Emerged grass and broadleaf weeds, and volunteer crops. Preplant or any time prior to crop emergence. A nonselective, translocated, foliar herbicide. No soil activity. Apply with AMS fertilizer. Combinations of 2,4-D or Banvel/ SGF/ Clarity with Roundup Utra/RT have increased the spectrum of broadleaf weeds controlled. Commercial mixtures of 2,4-D + glyphosate (Landmaster BW) and dicamba + glyphosate (Fallow Master) are available.
Banvel
Banvel SGF Clarity (dicamba) + Roundup Ultra Roundup Ultra RT (glyphosate)		 2 fl oz Banvel/Clarity or 4 fl oz SGF + 12 to 16 fl oz (0.0625 + 0.28 to 0.38)     Residual activity of Banvel/ SGF/ Clarity may control or suppress other weed flushes that may germinate after application. Refer to label for adjuvant use. User must possess label at application.
Gramoxone Extra (paraquat) RUP 1.5 to 3.0 pt (0.47 to 0.94) Emerged annual grass and broadleaf weeds. A nonselective, foliar herbicide. No soil activity. Apply with NIS at 0.12 to 0.25% v/v. Good plant coverage is essential.
Far-Go (triallate) WINTER WHEAT 1.25 qt 12.5 lb 10G (1.25) Wild oat Fall: For winter wheat. Apply just before to soon after seeding. Incorporate immediately after application. When applied after seeding, shallow incorporate with spike or spring tooth harrows.
HRSW & DURUM 1 qt 12.5 lb 10G (1 as liquid or 1.25 as granular) Fall: For HRSW, Durum and Barley. Apply within 3 weeks of freeze-up. Apply and incorporate with recommended equipment in the fall. Second incorporation should be done in fall or spring. Granules can be surface applied in the fall with a delayed two-pass incorporation performed in the spring prior to seeding. Delayed incorporation may not provide wild oat control equivalent to fall incorporation. For most reliable wild oat control incorporate within 48 hours after application.
BARLEY 1.25 qt 12.5 to 15 lb 10G (1.25 as liquid or 1.25 to 1.5 as granular)
HRSW & DURUM 1 qt
10 lb 10G
(1)
BARLEY 1.25 qt 12.5 lb 10G
(1.25)		   Spring: For HRSW, Durum and Barley. Apply before or after seeding. PPI treatments 3 days or more more before seeding HRSW or durum. PPI with field cultivator set 4 inches deep. Two pass incorporation is recommended. For application after seeding, apply before kernel sprouts exceed 0.5 inch in length. Postplant incorporate with harrows set shallower than seed.
Buckle (triallate + trifluralin) DURUM & BARLEY 10 to 12.5 lb G (1 to 1.25 + 0.3 to 0.4) Wild oat and foxtails. Fall: Apply within 3 weeks of freeze up. Spring: For Barley. Prior to or after seeding. Do not apply to HRSW. Incorporate within 24 hours after application. Second incorporation should be more shallow than first. Stand reduction may occur. Do not apply on soil treated with trifluralin the previous year.
Spring: For HRSW and Durum 10 lb G (1 + 0.3) Spring: For HRSW and Durum. PPI only. Use in North Dakota except in counties which border the Red River. Apply to fields fallowed the previous year. Do not apply to soil treated with trifluralin the previous year.



Herbicide Product/Aa
(lb ai/A)		 Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Hard red spring and durum wheat, winter wheat and barley.
Far-Go (triallate) + trifluralin

NOT FOR WINTER WHEAT		 1 qt + 1 pt 4E (1 + 0.5) Wild oat and foxtail. Spring: Immediately after seeding. Incorporate herbicide shallowly twice with flex-tyne or diamond harrows to depth of 1 to 1.5 inches and above crop seed. Plant 2 to 2.5 inches deep.
Trifluralin

NOT FOR WINTER WHEAT		 1 pt 4E 5 lb 10 G 0.83 lb 60 DF (0.5) Foxtail Spring: PPI Incorporate twice 2 to 3 inches deep. FOR BARLEY ONLY.
4 lb 10 G (0.4) Incorporate twice 2 to 3 inches deep. For foxtail suppression only. FOR DURUM WHEAT ONLY.
3.5 to 4 lb. 10G (0.35 to 0.4) For suppression of foxtail only. For west of Hwy. 3 only. FOR HRSW ONLY.
1 pt 4E (0.5) Spring: After seeding. Plant 2 to 2.5 inches deep. Incorporate shallowly twice with flex-tyne or diamond harrow 1 to 1.5 inches deep.
1 pt 4E 5 lb 10G 0.83 lb 60DF (0.5) Fall: After September 1 until freeze-up. Incorporate once in fall within 24 hours after application. Keep spring incorporation depth shallower than fall. Stand reduction may occur.
3.5 to 5 lb 10G (0.35 to 0.5) For foxtail suppression only. FOR HRSW AND DURUM ONLY.
MCPA amine or MCPA ester 0.5 to 1.33 pt of 4 lb/gal conc. (0.25 to 0.66) Broadleaf weeds. Emergence until prior to boot. Apply 0.5 to 1 pt/A from emergence to tiller stage.
Winter wheat: In spring from 4-leaf until prior to boot. Use 1 pt/A for volunteer sunflower and kochia. Use high rate for large or perennial weeds.
2,4-D amine or 2,4-D ester 0.5 to 1 pt of 4 lb/gal conc. (0.25 to 0.5) 5-leaf until prior to boot. Winter wheat: Well tillered until prior to boot. Do not apply from early boot to dough stage. Do not apply to winter wheat in fall.
Banvel Banvel SGF Clarity (dicamba) + MCPA 0.12 to 0.25 pt Banvel/Clarity or 0.25 to 0.5 pt SGF + 0.5 to 0.75 pt of 4 lb/gal conc. (0.06 to 0.12 + 0.25 to 0.38) Most broadleaf weeds including wild buckwheat, sunflower and ALS resistant kochia and Russian thistle. HRSW & Durum: 2- through 4-leaf stage. Winter Wheat: In spring after dormancy but before jointing. Banvel/SGF/Clarity must be applied before 4-leaf stage. Use low Banvel/ SGF/ Clarity rate and high MCPA rate on 4-leaf HRSW or durum. Barley is relatively susceptible to injury from Banvel/ SGF/ Clarity.
Banvel Banvel SGF Clarity (dicamba) + 2,4-D 0.12 pt Banvel/Clarity or 0.25 pt SGF + 0.5 pt (0.06 + 0.25) HRSW & Durum: 4-leaf stage only. Winter Wheat: 4-leaf to jointing in spring. Proper timing of application is important to avoid crop injury. Do not use on barley. Early applications increase crop safety and may result in short-term residual weed control and/or suppression.
Tordon 22K (picloram) + 2,4-D or MCPA
NOT FOR DURUM WHEAT RUP		 1 to 1.5 fl oz + 0.5 to 0.75 pt of a 4 lb/gal conc. (0.0156 to 0.0234 + 0.25 to 0.38) Most broadleaf weeds including wild buckwheat, sunflower. HRSW & Barley: 3 to 5-leaf stage to jointing. Winter wheat: Spring Use only on land to be planted the following year to grass, small grains, or flax. Apply to winter wheat prior to early boot stage.
Curtail M (clopyralid + MCPAe) 1.75 to 2.33 pt (0.09 to 0.12 + 0.5 to 0.68) Most broadleaf weeds including Canada thistle. Crop: 3-lf to jointing or to boot if risk of injury is acceptable. See narrative for crop rotational restrictions. Apply to Canada thistle at the rosette to early bolting stage.
Curtail (clopyralid + 2,4-D) 2 pt (0.09 + 0.5) Crop: 4-leaf stage to jointing.
Bromoxynil 1 to 2 pt EC 2.5 to 5 A/pack (0.25 to 0.5) Most broadleaf weeds including wild buckwheat, sunflower, lanceleaf sage, and ALS resistant kochia and Russian thistle. Crop emergence until prior to boot. Apply when weeds are in early seedling stage for best results. Weak on wild mustard.
Bromoxynil + MCPA ester 0.75 to 2 pt (0.19 to 0.5 + 0.19 to 0.5) Crop from 3-leaf until prior to boot. Apply when weeds are in early seedling stage for best results. Sunflower control better than 1 pt/A of 2,4-D.



Short residual sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides.
Express (tribenuron) 1/6 to 1/3 oz (0.125 to 0.25 oz) Most broadleaf weeds. Weak on wild buckwheat. 2-leaf stage until prior to flag leaf emergence. Apply with another broadleaf herbicide when resistance is suspected. The addition of 2,4-D enhances weed control and crop safety. Apply with a NIS except when adding 2,4-D or MCPA at 0.75 pt/A.
Do not tank-mix with Hoelon. See section on herbicide resistance. No crop rotation restrictions the following year.
Harmony Extra (thifensulfuron + tribenuron) 3/10 to 6/10 oz (0.225 to 0.45 oz + 0.25 to 0.38 2,4-D) Most broadleaf weeds including wild buckwheat, cocklebur, lanceleaf sage.   






    

        Long
        residual SU herbicides.
    

    

        Ally
        (metsulfuron)
        1/10 oz
        (0.075 oz)
        Most broadleaf weeds.
        Partial control of wild buckwheat.
        2-lf until prior to boot.
        Do not apply
        within 22 months of last metsulfuron treatment. Do not
        apply to soils above pH 7.9.
    

    

        Canvas
        (metsulfuron + thifensulfuron + tribenuron)
        5 A/pack
        (0.075 oz mets + 0.225 oz thif+trib)
        Most
        broadleaf weeds.
        2-leaf stage until prior
        to flag leaf emergence.
    

    

        Peak
        (prosulfuron)
        1/2 oz
        (0.29 oz)
        3-leaf until 2nd node is
        detectable on stem.
        See label for application
        timings, weeds controlled at various rates, and soil pH,
        herbicide and crop rotation restrictions.
    













    

        Very
        Long Residual SU Herbicides
    

    

        Amber
        (triasulfuron)
        0.28 to 0.56 oz
        (0.2 to 0.42 oz)
        Most
        broadleaf weeds. Finesse also gives foxtail suppression.
        2-leaf until prior to
        boot stage.
        See label for application
        timings, weeds controlled at various rates, and soil pH,
        herbicide and crop rotation restrictions.
    

    

        Finesse
        (chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron)
        2/10 to 3/10 oz (0.15 to
        0.225 oz)
        2-leaf until prior to
        flag leaf emergence.
        Do not apply within 22
        months of last Ally or Finesse treatment. See sections on
        herbicide resistance and crop rotation restrictions. Do
        not apply to soils above pH 7.9.
    

    

        See next section for SU
        herbicide tankmix options.
    













    

        Hard
        red spring and durum wheat, winter wheat and barley.
    

    

        Herbicides
        that can be tankmixed with SU herbicides.
    

    

        MCPA or 2,4-D
        0.5 to 0.75 pt of
        4 lb/gal conc. (0.25 to 0.38)
        Many broadleaf weeds.
        MCPA: Same as SU
        herbicides applied alone. 2,4-D: Not prior to tiller but
        not later than SU herbicide applied alone.
        MCPA and 2,4-D enhances
        crop safety. Ester formulation provides greater SU
        safening than amine. Apply with NIS except when adding
        MCPA or 2,4-D at 0.75 pt/A. Do not apply to durum wheat
        prior to 4-leaf stage. No crop restrictions the following
        year. Finesse + MCPA or 2,4-D gives season long control
        of Canada thistle.
    

    

        MCPA or 2,4-D + Banvel
        Banvel SGF Clarity
        0.5 pt MCPA/2,4-D
        + 2 to 3 fl oz Banvel/Clarity or 4 to 6 fl oz SGF
        (0.25 MCPA/2,4-D + 0.06 to 0.09 Banvel)
        Broadleaf weeds including
        ALS resistant weeds and season long control of Canada
        thistle.
        Crop: Tillering to the
        5-leaf stage.
        Do not use 2,4-D
        + Banvel/ SGF/ Clarity combinations on barley.

        Apply when ALS resistance is suspected. Express rate can
        reduced to 1/12 oz DF/A. Peak can be reduced to 1/4 to
        3/8 oz DF/A. Ally + 2,4-D + Banvel/ SGF/Clarity gives
        season long control of field bindweed. Tankmixes with
        Finesse give season long control of Canada thistle.		
    

    

        Bromoxynil
        0.75 to 1.5
        pt 6.67 to 3.33 A/ Gel pack (0.188 to 0.375)
        Most
        broadleaf weeds including wild buckwheat, sunflower,
        lanceleaf sage, and ALS resistant weeds.
        Same as SU herbicides
        applied alone but not later than SU herbicide applied
        alone.
        Apply when
        weeds are small and less than 4 inches tall. 

        Express rate can be reduced to 1/12 oz DF/A. 

        Apply with NIS at 0.25% v/v.		
    

    

        Bromoxynil + MCPA
        3-leaf but not later than
        SU herbicide applied alone.
    













    

        POST
        Grass Herbicides
    

    

        Stampede 80EDF
        (propanil) +

        MCPA ester		
        1.25 to 1.4 lb +
        0.5 pt (1 to 1.13 + 0.25)
        Foxtail and some annual
        broadleaf weeds including wild buckwheat.
        HRSW: 2-5 leaf. Durum:
        2-4 leaf. Barley: 2-4 leaf. Foxtail: 1-3 leaf. Broadleaf

        weeds: 1-4 leaves.		
        Petroleum oil must be
        added at 1 pt/A. Do not apply when a soil applied
        systemic insecticide was used at seeding. Fields with
        Maneb/Lindane seed dressings may be treated. Malathion or
        pyrethroids may be used 14 days before or after
        application.
    

    

        Avenge
        (difenzoquat)
        2.5 to 4 pt
        (0.62 to 1)
        Wild oat
        Crop: Prior to flag leaf
        emergence.

        

        Wild oat: 3- to 5-leaf stage.		
        Use high rate on 3-leaf
        wild oat. Refer to narrative for herbicide
        tank-mix options and registered wheat varieties.
        Injury may occur when crop is under stress. Labeled on
        2375 at only 2.5 to 3 pt/A. Labeled for all barley
        varieties.
    

    

        Assert

        Assert SG (imazamethabenz)		
        1 to 1.5 pt 7.5
        to 11.2 oz (0.31 to 0.47)
        Wild oat, wild mustard,
        and winter annual mustards.
        Crop: 2-leaf to jointing.

        

        Wild oat: 1- to 4-leaf stage.		
        See narrative for crop
        rotation restrictions. Do not tank-mix with Stampede,
        Banvel/ SGF/ Clarity, Tordon, MCPA amine, or 2,4-D amine.
        

        Use an MSO type adjuvant or use NIS + petroleum oil. See
        label for additional adjuvant information.		
    

    

        Avenge
        (difenzoquat) + Assert (imazamethabenz)
        2 pt + 0.75 pt
        (0.5 + 0.23)
        Wild oat, wild mustard
        and winter annual mustards.
        Crop: 2- to 4-leaf. Wild
        oat: 2- to 4-leaf.
        Apply with NIS. 

        See Avenge label for HRSW variety restrictions.		
    













    

        Herbicide
        Product/Aa

        (lb ai/A)		
        Weeds
        When to Apply
        Remarks and
        Paragraphs
    

    

        Hard red spring
        and durum wheat, winter wheat and barley.
    

    

        Hoelon

        (diclofop)

        

        RUP		
        2 to 2.66 pt
        (0.75 to 1.0)
        Wild oat and foxtails.
        Crop: Up to 4-leaf. Grass
        weeds: 1 to 4 leaves.
        Use higher rate for dry
        conditions or grass weeds with 3 to 4 leaves. Oil
        adjuvant enhances weed control under dry conditions. Only
        mix with Buctril or Buctril plus low rate of MCPA ester.
    

    

        Hoelon

        (diclofop) + Bromoxynil

        

        RUP		
        2 to 2.66 pt +
        1.0 to 1.5 pt EC or 3.33 to 5 A/pack (0.75 to
        1.0 + 0.25 to 0.38)
        Wild oat,
        foxtails and broadleaf weeds.
        Grass weeds: 2 to 3
        leaves. Broadleaf weeds: Small.
        Use higher rate for dry
        conditions. Oil additive at 1 to 2 pt/A may increase weed
        control and risk of crop injury. Do not add oil additive
        when tankmixing Hoelon and applying to barley.
    

    

        Hoelon

        (diclofop) + Bromoxynil + MCPA ester

        

        RUP		
        2.66 pt + 1.0 pt to 1.5
        pt EC or 3.33 to 5 A/pack + 1.5 fl oz (1 + 0.25 to 0.38 +
        0.05)
        Grass weeds: 1 to 3
        leaves. Broadleaf weeds: Small.
         
    

    

        Achieve
        (tralkoxydim)

        

        Registration pending		
        7 to 9.5 oz
        (0.18 to 0.24)
        Green and yellow foxtail,
        Persian darnel, and wild oat.
        Foxtails: 1 to 5 leaf. P.
        darnel: 1 to 4 leaf. Wild oat: 1 to 6 leaf.
        Packaged as one box
        containing product and adjuvant in separate containers
        for 40 acres. Apply at 10 gpa by ground and 5 gpa by air.
        Add AMS at 15 lb/100 gal water. See label for application
        and tankmix information.
    

    

        Puma
        (fenoxaprop-P + safener)

        

        Registration pending		
        0.33 to 0.66 pt/A
        (0.04 to 0.08)
        Green and yellow foxtail,
        millets, corn, barnyard grass, and wild oat.
        Crop: 2-leaf to 6-leaf.
        Grass: 2 leaf to 2 tiller.
        Do not apply to wheat
        after jointing begins. Can be applied by ground or
        aircraft. Apply 0.33 pt/A for green foxtail and millets.
        Apply 0.4 pt/A for yellow foxtail and proso millet. Apply
        0.66 pt/A for barnyardgrass and wild oat. See label for
        application and tankmixing information.
    

    

        Dakota
        (fenoxaprop-P + MCPA)

        

        HRS or Winter Wheat only		
        16 to 21.3 fl oz
        or 1 to 1.33 pt (0.029 to 0.039 + 0.36 to 0.47)
        Green foxtail, foxtail
        millets and several broadleaf weeds.
        Crop: 3-leaf to end of
        tillering. Grass: 2-leaf to 2-tiller. Broadleaf weeds: Up
        to 4 inches.
        Do not apply to wheat
        after jointing begins. Tankmixing with Banvel/Clarity at
        2 fl oz/A or SGF at 4 fl oz/A increases kochia and
        Russian thistle control. Refer to narrative for tank-mix
        information. Do not apply to durum wheat, barley or oat.
    

    

        Tiller
        (fenoxaprop-P + 2,4-D + MCPA)

        

        HRS or Winter Wheat only		
        1 to 1.7 pt
        (0.047 to 0.08 + 0.073 to 0.12 + 0.22 to 0.37)
        Foxtails, millet, wild
        oat, barnyardgrass and several broadleaf weeds.
        Crop: 3- to 4-leaf stage
        to end of tillering. Grass: 2-leaf to 2-tiller. Broadleaf
        weeds: Up to 4 inches.
        Do not apply to spring or
        winter wheat after jointing begins. Tank-mixing with
        Banvel/Clarity at 2 fl oz/A or SGF at 4 fl oz/A increases
        kochia and Russian thistle control. Tank-mixing with some
        broadleaf herbicides will reduce yellow foxtail and wild
        oat control. Refer to narrative for rates for specific
        weeds. Do not apply to durum wheat, barley or oat.
    

    

        Cheyenne
        (fenoxaprop-P + MCPA + X-tra (thifensulfuron +
        tribenuron))

        

        HRS or Winter Wheat only		
        1.4 pt + 3/10 oz of X-tra
        (0.08 + 0.38 + 0.225 oz)
        Green foxtail, foxtail
        millets, wild proso millet, wild oat, and most broadleaf
        weeds.
        Crop: 3-leaf stage to end
        of tillering. Wild oat: 1- to 4-leaf stage. Green
        foxtail: 2-leaf to 2-tiller. Broadleaf weeds: Less than 4
        inches tall or in diameter.
        Do not apply to spring or
        winter wheat after jointing begins. Contents of each
        container must be tank-mixed to insure crop safety and
        weed control. Can be tankmixed with bromoxynil at 0.38 to
        0.5 pt/A or Stinger at 2 fl oz/A. Do not apply to durum
        wheat, barley or oat.
    













    

        Herbicide
        Product/Aa

        (lb ai/A)		
        Weeds
        When to Apply
        Remarks and
        Paragraphs
    

    

        Small Grain Pre-Harvest
    

    

        2,4-D ester

        

        For HRS and Durum Wheat, Barley, and Rye		
        1.5 to 3 pt of 4
        lb/gal conc. (0.75 to 1.5)
        Broadleaf
        weeds
        Wheat: Dough stage to
        harvest.
        Use only when the weeds
        will interfere with harvest operations. Do not feed straw
        to livestock. Use only 2,4-D brands labeled for
        preharvest application, for example, Weedone 64, Weedone
        638, Weedone LV4, Weedone LV6. CAUTION: Drift to
        broadleaf crops is escpecially hazardous at this time.
    

    

        Banvel Banvel SGF
        Clarity (dicamba) + 2,4-D

        

        For HRS and Durum Wheat only		
        0.5 pt
        Banvel/Clarity or 1 pt SGF + 1 to 2 pt of 4 lb/gal conc.
        (0.25 + 0.5 to 1)
        Wheat: Hard- dough stage
        and green color is gone from the nodes of the stem.
        A waiting period of 10 to
        14 days is required before harvest. Do not feed treated
        straw to livestock. 

        

        CAUTION: Drift to broadleaf crops is especially hazardous
        at this time.		
    

    

        Ally
        (metsulfuron) + 2,4-D

        

        

        For HRS and Durum Wheat and Barley only		
        1/10 oz + 1.5 to
        3 pt of a 4 lb/gal conc. (0.075 oz + 0.75 to 1.5
        2,4-D)
        Wheat or Barley: In the
        dough stage and at least 10 days prior to harvest.
        For use in wheat/fallow
        or continuous wheat. Do not use if crop was treated
        previously with an ALS herbicide. Apply with NIS. Can be
        tankmixed with Banvel/ SGF/ Clarity in wheat for
        resistant weed management.

        

        Ally has no grazing restrictions. Refer to 2,4-D label
        for grazing restrictions and for brands labeled for
        preharvest application. Refer to Ally label for crop
        rotation intervals.		
    

    

        Roundup Ultra
        Roundup Ultra RT (glyphosate)

        

        For HRS and Durum Wheat only		
        0.5 to 2 pt of a
        3 lb/gal conc. (0.19 to 0.75)
        Annual and
        perennial grass and broadleaf weeds.
        Wheat: Hard-
        dough stage, 30% or less grain moisture and at least 7
        days prior to harvest.
        Do not apply more than 2
        pt/A/season. Application to wheat grown for seed is not
        recommended because a reduction in germination or vigor
        may occur. For Canada thistle control apply 2 pt/A. For
        field bindweed control, apply 1 to 2 pt/A plus 2,4-D at 1
        to 2 pt/A. Refer to label for adjuvant use.
    

    

        Landmaster BW
        (glyphosate + 2,4-D)

        

        For HRS and Durum Wheat only		
        3.38 to 5.25 pt
        (0.38 to 0.53 + 0.63 to 1)
        Do not apply more than
        5.25 pt/A/season. Application to wheat grown for seed is
        not recommended because a reduction in germination or
        vigor may occur. Do not feed or allow dairy or meat
        animals to forage for 14 days after application. Do not
        feed treated straw.
    

    

        Roundup Ultra RT (glyphosate)
        + Banvel/Clarity (dicamba)

        

        For HRS and Durum only		
        0.75 pt to 2 pt +
        0.25 to 0.5 pt Banvel/Clarity (0.28 to 0.75 +
        0.125 to 0.25)
        Wheat: Hard dough stage
        and green color is gone from the nodes (joints) of stem.
        Apply at least 14 days prior to harvest.
        Allowed under a 2(ee)
        recommendation. The label must be in the possession of
        the applicator at the time of application. Refer to label
        for adjuvant use. Use a minimum of 3 gpa by air and 5 to
        20 gpa by ground application.
    







 






[ CONTINUE
] [ INDEX ]



A-1050, May 1998

		
		    		
		

	    
	

		
		
		





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