Hard Red Spring Wheat and Durum Wheat Production Guide
(continued)
A-1050, May 1998
Aphid
Greenbug, English grain, and others
Thresholds for small grains: English grain, bird
cherry oat, greenbug:
Recent research with cereal grain aphids has provided
scouting guidelines that use different thresholds based on
the value of wheat. The thresholds are 9, 13, and 17 aphids
per stem when wheat prices are > $5, > $4, and < $4
per bushel, respectively. Sampling plans designed to save
time during field scouting are available. These plans require
as few as 25 wheat stems to a maximum of 100 stems to make a
treatment decision. Field scouting should begin at stem
elongation and continue up to the heading stage of wheat.
Aphid populations, at or above the thresholds, during these
growth stages will result in economic injury to plants.
Russian Wheat Aphid (RWA):
Threshold is 15 to 20% of tillers infested up to flowering
20+% infested tillers from flowering to early milk stage.
(Note: A tiller is infested whether it has one or several RWA
present. RWA have only been found in southwestern North
Dakota during late summer; no economic damage has been
reported.)
Natural Controls:
Lady beetles, aphid lions, Syrphid fly, and
parasitic wasps play a major role in reducing aphid
populations. When natural enemies are present in large
numbers, and the crop is well developed, farmers are
discouraged from spraying fields.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Dosage in Product
Insecticide LB AI/Acre Per Acre Restrictions on Use
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Dimethoate 0.25-0.5 0.5-0.75 pt Do not apply within 14 days
(Digon 400, lb/acre of grazing immature wheat
Dimethoate plants. Do not harvest
400) grain within 35 days (Digon
400) or 60 days (Dimethoate
400) of last application.
Do not make more than two
applications per season. Do
not enter treated fields
without protective clothing
until sprays have dried.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Di-Syston* 0.5 - 1 0.5 - 1 pt Aerial application only. Do
lb/acre not apply within 30 days of
grain harvest. Use lower
rate on plants up to
tillering and higher rate
after tillering.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Ethyl 0.5 lb/acre 8 fl oz Aerial application only. Do
parathion not apply within 15 days of
8EC* small grains harvest. Do not
enter treated fields within
3 days after application.
Fields must be posted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Malathion 0.9 - 1.25 1.5 - 2 pts Do not apply within 7 days
57EC lb/acre of harvest on wheat, oats,
rye and barley. Do not apply
below 60oF.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Lannate LV* 0.225 - 0.45 12-24 fl/oz Do not harvest within 7 days
lb/acre or feed treated forage
within 10 days of
application. Field re-entry
interval is 1 day.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Methyl 0.5 lb/acre 8 fl oz Aerial application only. Do
parathion not use within 15 days of
EC* small grains harvest. Do not
enter treated fields within
48 hours after application.
Fields must be posted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Penncap-M* 0.5 - 0.75 2 - 3 pts Do not apply within 15 days
lb/acre of harvest or grazing. To
avoid injury to bees, do not
apply during pollen shed if
bees are visiting the areas
to be treated during
foraging hours. Do not enter
treated fields within 48
hours after application.
Fields must be posted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Armyworms
Armyworm outbreaks in North Dakota can occur when large
migrations of moths from southern states occur in late spring and
early summer. Moths prefer to lay eggs in moist, shady areas
where small grains or grasses have lodged or been damaged by hail
or wind. Armyworms feed at night and hide under vegetation or in
loose soil during the day. To scout for armyworms in grains, part
the plants and inspect the soil for fecal pellets. If pellets or
feeding damage are found, look for larvae under plant trash, soil
clods or in soil cracks.
Threshold for small grains:
Treat when four to five or more worms per square
foot are present.
Migrating Armyworms:
Treat a couple of swaths ahead of the infestation in
the direction of movement to form a barrier strip.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Dosage in Product
Insecticide Lb AI/Acre Per Acre Restrictions on Use
---------------------------------------------------------------------
carbaryl 1 - 1.5 rate Do not apply within 21 days
(Sevin) lb/acre varies with of harvest. Do not make more
formulation than two applications after
the boot stage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Ethyl 0.5 lb/acre 8 fl oz Aerial application only. Do
parathion not apply within 15 days of
8EC* small grains harvest. Do not
enter treated fields within
3 days after application.
Fields must be posted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Lannate LV* 0.225 - 0.45 12-24 fl oz Do not harvest within 7 days
lb/acre or feed treated forage
within 10 days of
application. Field re-entry
interval is 1 day.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Malathion 1.25 lb/acre 2 pts Do not harvest for 7 days.
57EC
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Methyl 0.5 lb/acre 8 fl oz Aerial application only. Do
parathion not apply within 15 days of
8EC* small grains harvest. Do not
enter treated fields within
48 hours or application.
Fields must be posted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Penncap-M* 0.5 - 0.75 2 - 3 pts Do not apply within 15 days
lb/acre of harvest. Do not enter
treated fields within 48
hours after application.
Fields must be posted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Warrior* 0.02 - 0.03 2.56 - 3.84 Do not apply within 21 days
lb/acre fl oz of wheat harvest. When
applying by air, apply in
a minimum of 2 gallons of
water per acre.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Cutworms
Some criteria that may help predict cutworm problems are: 1)
field history of cutworm damage; 2) surface crop residue from
reduced or minimum tillage; 3) bottom land or low spots in field;
4) fair to poor drainage; 5) near shelterbelts with grassy ground
cover. Eggs of the important cutworms are laid during late summer
in North Dakota. Soil moisture at this time is important for
survival. Growers should be cautious when planting corn following
pasture, alfalfa, or clover sites where survival may be greater.
Management in small grains:
In western North Dakota, the pale western and the army
cutworms are important pests of small grains. Eggs of pale
western hatch in the spring and larvae feed underground. Eggs
of the army cutworm hatch in the fall and spring feeding is
above ground.
Thresholds for small grains:
Treatment is recommended when cutworms number four to five
per square foot.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Dosage in Product
Insecticide Lb AI/Acre Per Acre Restrictions on Use
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Warrior* 0.015 - 0.025 1.92 - 3.2 Do not apply within 30 days
lb/acre fl oz of harvest. When applying
by air, apply in a minimum
of 2 gallons of water per
acre.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireworms
Wireworms are most likely to be a problem when corn follows
pasture or grassland. Continuous corn has developed problems in
the past also. Infestations often are found in coarse textured
soils (sandy loam) where moisture is abundant, perhaps in low
spots of fields.
Currently the only insecticide registered for wireworm control
that will provide effective suppression is lindane. This
insecticide can be purchased as a dry automatic drill box
treatment in combination with fungicides (Maneb or Captan) and is
also available in liquid (flowable) formulation to be applied
alone or with fungicides such as Vitavax, Captan or Thiram.
Caution: Do not use treated seed for feed or food
purposes. Prevent the contamination of commercial grain by
thoroughly cleaning bins, grain augers and trucks that have been
used to store, handle and/or home treat seed.
Grasshoppers
In the northern plains, grasshopper egg hatch normally begins
in late April to early May. Peak hatch occurs about mid June.
Heavy infestations typically occur in areas of low rainfall or
during drought years. Outbreaks are usually preceded by several
years of hot, dry summers and warm falls. Cool, wet weather
increases disease occurrence and delays development of
grasshoppers, reducing the overall population.
Cultural Control Methods:
Early seeding – allows for early establishment
and vigorous growth of plants.
Crop rotation – avoid planting in areas of
high egg deposits. Fields with late maturing crops or green
plant cover attract adults which then lay eggs.
Tillage – Summer fallow will act as a trap
crop, attracting females for egg laying. Spring tillage of
these sites will reduce successful emergence of nymphs.
Grasshopper Thresholds: Infestation
Ratings
------------------------------------------------
Nymphs
(young hoppers) Adults
per square yard per square yard
----------------- -----------------
Rating Margin Field Margin Field
------------------------------------------------
Light 25-35 15-23 10-20 3-7
Threatening 50-75 30-45 21-40 8-14
Severe 100-150 60-90 41-80 15-28
Very severe 200+ 120 80+ 28+
------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Dosage in Product
Insecticide Lb AI/Acre Per Acre Restrictions on Use
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Dimethoate 0.38 lb/acre 0.75 pt Do not apply within 14 days
(Digon 400, of grazing immature plants.
Dimethoate 400) Do not harvest grain within
35 days (Digon 400) or 60
days (Dimethoate 400) of
last application. Do not
make more than two
applications per season. Do
not enter treated fields
without protective clothing
until sprays have dried.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
carbaryl 0.5 - 1.5 rate Do not apply within 21 days
(Sevin) lb/acre varies with of grain harvest. Do not
formulation make more than 2
applications after the boot
stage. No limitations on
forage. The lower rate
(0.5 lb) is suggested for
nymphs on small plants or
sparse vegetation. The
higher rate is suggested for
mature grasshoppers or when
material is applied to crops
requiring greater coverage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Ethyl 0.5 lb/acre 8 fl oz Aerial application. Do not
parathion apply within 15 days of
8E* small grains harvest. Do not
enter treated fields within
3 days after application.
Fields must be posted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Furadan 4F* 0.125 - 0.25 0.25-0.5 pt Apply before heads emerge
lb/acre from the boot. Do not make
more than 2 applications per
season. Do not apply within
21 days of harvest. Use a
minimum of 10 gal of
finished spray/acre with
ground equipment and 2
gal/acre with aerial
equipment. Do not feed
treated forage to livestock.
Do not apply in proximity of
waterfowl nesting or feeding
areas.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Malathion 1.25 lb/acre 1.5 - 2 pt Wait 7 days before grain
57EC harvest. No time limitation
on grazing or straw for
dairy or slaughter animals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Malathion 0.48 lb/acre 8 fl Commercial aerial
(ULV) (95% oz/acre applicators only. Do not
concentrate) harvest for 7 days.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Methyl 0.5 lb/acre 8 fl oz. Aerial application only. Do
parathion not apply within 15 days of
8EC* small grains harvest. Do not
enter treated fields within
48 hours after application.
Fields must be posted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Penncap-M* 0.5 - 0.75 2 - 3 pts Do not apply within 15 days
lb/acre of harvest. Do not enter
treated fields within 48
hours after application.
Fields must be posted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Warrior* 0.02 - 0.03 -3.84 fl oz Do not apply within 21 days
lb/acre of harvest. When applying by
air, apply in a minimum of 2
gallons of water per acre.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Grasshoppers Winter Wheat field border treatment
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Dosage in Product
Insecticide Lb AI/Acre per Acre Restrictions on Use
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Thimet 20 G* 0.24 oz 1.2 oz/1,000 ft Apply at planting time
AI/1,000 ft of row — any in seed furrow with
of row row spacing granular applicator or
(minimum 8 grass seeder attachment.
inch spacing) Do not graze or feed
at planting forage within 45 days of
treatment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Wheat Stem Sawfly
Sawfly damage occurs annually in North Dakota. This insect
primarily affects wheat in the central and western areas of the
state. The larvae tunnel in the stem, reducing grain yield by
10-14%. Additional loss occurs when infested stems lodge,
rendering the grain unharvestable. Larvae overwinter in the wheat
stubble making infested sites the source of next year's problems.
Managing wheat stem sawfly:
Harvesting – Swath the most heavily infested
fields at 30-35% moisture before significant lodging occurs.
This strategy requires field surveys to determine infestation
levels. Infested stems have a reddish-brown spot below the
second or third node. Examine 50 consecutive stems in a drill
row from at least two sites (one near the margin of the
field, another near the center). Determine the percent of
stems infested at each site. If >6% of the stems are
infested, swath to reduce lodging losses within infested
sites.
Fall tillage – A shallow fall tillage to
dislodge stubble and leave it on the soil surface can result
in 90% mortality of overwintering larvae. Tillage can be
limited to areas where surveys indicated infestations within
the field or strip.
Crop rotation – Plant non-host crops such as
oats, flax, sunflower, legumes, and to a lesser extent
barley, rye, durum and winter wheat.
Resistant wheat varieties – Wheats with the
solid stem trait are unsuitable for sawfly larvae to complete
their development. Varieties with resistance to wheat stem
sawfly include Ernest, Lew, Leader, AC Eatonia, Cutless,
Rambo, and Glenman.
Chemical control – None is currently
recommended.
Hessian Fly
The Hessian fly overwinters as a maggot or pupa in winter
wheat, volunteer grain, and wheat stubble. Overwintered maggots
pupate and emerge as adults from April to May, infesting winter
and spring planted wheat. By June, maggots pupate (flaxseed
stage), emerging as adults in August to lay eggs for the
overwintering generation.
Managing Hessian fly:
Winter wheat planting date – Winter wheat will
act as a bridge to get Hessian fly from one season to the
next. Delaying planting should reduce infestations. Suggested
planting dates for North Dakota are: North – August 25
to September 15; South – September 1 to 20.
Tillage – Burying stubble and destroying
volunteer grain after the first killing frost or early in the
spring before fly emergence helps suppress adult populations.
Rotation – Rotate wheat with non-susceptible
crops (oats, corn, soybean, sunflower, flax).
Resistant varieties – Two South Dakota
releases, Guard and Shield, are hard red spring wheat. They
are semi-dwarf varieties. Guard is reported to be prone to
shattering.
Chemical control – Thimet is registered as a
planting time treatment for wheat. Population levels of this
pest rarely warrant such a treatment, however.
Wheat Midge or Orange Wheat Blossom Midge
This insect is currently an economic concern in North Dakota.
In 1996, wheat midge was detected in all areas east and north of
the Missouri River. A contributing factor to the recent outbreaks
was delayed planting of wheat due to excessively wet soils in the
spring.
The adult midge is active from late June to early August. Peak
activity is from early to mid July. A model using daily
temperatures to calculate degree day accumulations allows for a
more accurate prediction of local adult emergence. Wheat is
attractive for egg laying by midge from the time the head emerges
from the boot through flowering. Insecticides for the control of
midge are effective on the adult and impact the egg stage;
however, control of the orange larvae, which feed on the
developing kernels, has not been demonstrated due to protection
within the glume.
Thresholds for wheat:
Examine wheat heads at dusk (9 pm and later when temperatures
are above 60 F and wind speed less than 6 mph). The orange
colored adult midge can be seen laying eggs on the wheat
heads. Plants are susceptible as the head emerges from the
boot. In general, if one or more midge are observed for every
four or five heads, treatment is warranted. Treatments after
50% of the first heads have flowered are not recommended due
to reduced levels of efficacy and for the protection of a
parasitic wasp that attacks the midge eggs.
Detecting adult midge:
Sticky traps may be used to capture adult midges
active in wheat fields. A simple trap design would be a white
styrofoam plate, attached to the top and bottom of a
surveyors flag. The trapping surface can be coated with
Tanglefoot� or vegetable oil. The trap can alert an
individual to the presence of midge and their identity, but
it does not provide information about the need to treat.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dosage in Product
Insecticide Lb AI/Acre per Acre Restrictions on Use
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Lorsban 4E-SG 0.5 lb/acre 1 pt Treat when 75% of the wheat
heads have emerged from the
boot. Apply product in the
late afternoon in a minimum
of 2 gallons of water per
acre. Do not apply within 28
days of harvest. (Issued as
Special Local Needs ND-950006)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Wheat Stem Maggot
The maggot tunnels in stems of wheat resulting in a white head
that can be easily pulled out. This damage becomes evident after
flowering. Infestations rarely exceed 2% and fail to become an
economic concern. Crop rotation and destruction of volunteer
grain are the most effective methods of reducing maggot
populations.
No chemical control is recommended.
Harvesting is one of the most important farming operations.
Grain loss at harvest is a direct loss of income. Harvesting
often is a compromise between getting the job done in a
reasonable period of time and living with a reasonable seed loss.
Studies have shown that losses can run as high as 20%, even with
a properly adjusted machine when it is overloaded. A reasonable
loss is considered to be three percent of the total crop or less.
Total harvest losses are seldom if ever zero.
Usually over 60% of the grain left in the field is due to
shattering of the crop before harvest and grain loss in getting
it cut and into the combine header. Once the crop is in the
combine, loss is very low with properly adjusted and operated
equipment.
To keep harvest loss low, an operator must determine how much
grain is being left in the field. A simple, accurate method to
estimate losses requires the use of a one-foot square frame. Pick
several typical areas in the field after the combine has passed
and follow these steps:
Graphic Illustration (6KB b&w image)
- Count the kernels left directly behind the rear of the
combine. Count several separate square foot areas (A).
- Count the kernels already in the field due to shatter and
cutter bar (B).
- Subtract (B) from (A).
- Divide the results of Step 3 by the ratio:
Width of windrower / header cut (ft)
--------------------------------------
width of combine cylinder (ft)
- Divide the result of Step 4 by the number of kernels for
the particular crop from the table below for one bushel
per acre loss. This is the approximate machinery loss in
bushels per acre.
Number of kernels per square foot to equal one bushel
per acre loss.
Crop # of kernels ft2
-----------------------------------------
Hard Red Spring Wheat 20
Flax 100
Durum 16
Sunflower 3
Barley 14
Corn 2
Oats 10
Soybeans 4
-----------------------------------------
- To find total loss, add the count in (B) to the result in
Step 4. This gives the total seed count from shatter,
cutter bar and machine losses.
- Divide the total seed count of Step 6 by the number of
kernels for the particular crop for one bushel per acre
loss (Table). This will give the approximate total loss
in bushels per acre.
- For a percentage loss, divide the loss in Step 7 (loss in
bushels per acre) by the total yield (harvest yield plus
loss) in bushels per acre for the field.
Loss
------------------------- *100 = % Loss
Harvest Yield Plus Loss
Example: A 20 foot windrower is used in a wheat field
yielding 26 bu/acre, and the combine has a
cylinder 4 feet wide.
1. A = kernels per square foot counted directly behind
the combine = 59 kernels per square foot.
2. B = kernels per square foot to the side of the windrow.
B = 4
3. A - B = 59 - 4 = 55 kernels per square foot.
4. Ratio:
width of cut (ft) 20
------------------- = ---- = 5
width of cylinder 4
Divide 55 by 5 = 11 kernels per square foot.
5. Divide 11 by 20 (Table) = .55 bu/acre = machine loss.
6. Total loss = "B" plus answer in Step 4.
= 4 + 11
= 15 kernels/square foot
7. Divide 15 by 20 (Table) = .75 bu/acre = total loss.
8. % total loss = answer in Step 7 divided by harvest
yield plus total loss.
loss
% loss = ----------------------- * 100
harvest yield plus loss
Swathing Versus Straight Combining
Grain grading standards are almost sure to become more rigid;
cracked or broken kernels will be discounted at market. Improving
quality will require harvesting at optimum moisture levels,
expert combine operation, natural air/low temperature drying, and
minimizing rough handling.
Grain threshed at high moisture contents is subject to damage.
Less damage occurs when grain moisture contents are near storage
levels, but as standing grain dries in the field, shatter loss
increases. Swathing should occur after grain has reached
physiologically maturity. This occurs at about 35% moisture in
wheat and durum. Swath grain at 20 to 30% moisture. If grain is
left to stand at moisture levels under 20%, straight combining
results in the least amount of loss. Swathing at this stage
causes excessive shatter loss.
Straight combining is best done at 15 to 18% moisture and the
grain dried to safe storage levels. Cylinder speeds should be as
slow as possible to reduce damage to grain, but fast enough to
thresh the grain out of the heads. Follow combine manufacturers
recommendations. In wet grain, slightly faster speeds may be
needed to get complete threshing. Reduce cylinder to concave
spacing first, then increase cylinder speed as a last resort.
Natural air/low temperature drying is energy efficient,
economical and reduces drying bottle necks. Drying time is
normally three to six weeks using airflow rates of 0.75 to 1.0
cubic foot per minute per bushel (cfm/bu). Generally a
centrifugal fan of adequate size is needed to provide the
airflow. The potential for grain spoilage is high until all the
grain reaches the proper storage moisture content, so adequate
airflow to dry the wheat within its allowable storage time is
critical.
A grain kernel contacting air will either lose or gain
moisture, depending on its moisture content and the air's
temperature and relative humidity. Water moves from an area of
high vapor pressure to areas of low vapor pressure. Eventually,
the vapor pressure inside the kernel almost equals the air's
vapor pressure. When this occurs, the grain has reached the
equilibrium moisture content. Higher temperatures and lower
relative humidity results in lower equilibrium moisture contents.
Adding supplemental heat to a natural air drying system will
reduce the moisture content of the grain and may reduce the
drying time slightly. Normally the air should be warmed no more
than about 5 F. As a rule of thumb, one kilowatt of electric heat
per fan motor horsepower will warm the air about 5 degrees.
Adding more heat will result in over drying unless the grain is
stirred. The air will normally be warmed 3-5 degrees by the fan
operating at a static pressure of about 6 inches.
Drying temperatures need to be limited when using a high
temperature dryer to prevent damaging the quality of the wheat.
Baking quality diminishes when kernel temperatures approach about
150 degrees for continuous flow dryers and 135 degrees for batch
dryers. Since milling quality is affected by a time and
temperature relationship, the maximum recommended kernel
temperature for drying milling wheat is 150 F for 16% moisture
content and 130o F for 20% moisture wheat in a
continuous-flow dryer.
A moisture variation develops in the kernel when wheat is
dried in a high temperature dryer, with the outside being drier
than the inside. This moisture variation causes electronic meters
to give an erroneously low value, since they are more influenced
by the outer surface of the kernel. If the outer surface is
wetter than the inside of the kernel, the meter reading will be
erroneously high.
For more information refer to circular AE-701, Grain Drying
and EB-35, Natural Air/Low Temperature Crop Drying.
Equilibrium moisture content of wheat (wet basis) at varying
temperatures and relative humidities.
---------------------------------------------------------
Relative Humidity (%)
----------------------------------
Grain Temperature 20 40 60 80
---------------------------------------------------------
(F) — Equilibrium Moisture Content —
Hard Wheat 35 8.6 11.9 14.9 18.3
50 8.2 11.3 14.2 17.4
70 7.7 10.7 13.3 16.5
80 7.5 10.4 13.0 16.0
---------------------------------------------------------
Grain stores best if cool, dry and clean. The maximum
recommended moisture content for wheat in storage is 13% for long
term storage and 14% for just over winter. Grain that contains
considerable foreign material or broken kernels will be more
susceptible to mold and insects. The grain should be cleaned to
reduce this hazard or be dried to a moisture content 1 to 2
percentage points lower than clean grain.
Begin aeration to reduce the grain temperature when the
average outdoor temperature is about 10 to 15 F cooler than the
grain temperature and the grain can be cooled below 70 F. Cool
the grain to about 25 to 30 F for winter storage. Insect activity
is stopped at temperatures below about 50 degrees, and insects
can be killed if grain temperatures are maintained at or below 32
degrees for about two months. Moisture migration will cause a
moisture accumulation in the top central part of a bin if about a
20-degree or more temperature difference exists in the stored
grain.
It takes about 150 hours to cool grain with an aeration
airflow rate of 0.1 CFM/bu. Increasing the airflow rate reduces
the aeration time. Make sure the fan runs long enough to cool all
the grain. Little if any drying will occur during aeration. Also,
very little rewetting will occur if the fan is run just long
enough to cool the wheat during humid weather. The aeration fan
or duct should be covered whenever the fan is not running.
Grain may be warmed in the spring if desired, but should only
be warmed to about 40o F for summer storage. Research
has not shown that it is better to warm the grain than to leave
it at about 30 degrees. Moisture accumulation during summer due
to moisture migration typically occurs at depths of two to four
feet below the grain surface. The moisture increase will normally
be less than one percentage point. Grain should not be aerated
during the summer when outside air temperatures exceed 60o
F. Warming the wheat to 70o F, for example, will add
moisture to the grain and put the grain at a temperature
conducive to mold growth and insect activity.
Check the stored grain at least every two weeks during the
fall and at least monthly during the rest of the storage period.
Search for small changes that are indicators of potential
problems. Check and record the temperature and moisture content
at several locations. Examine samples from several locations for
insects. For more information refer to circular AE-791, Crop
Storage Management, and EB-45, Insect Pest Management for Farm
Stored Grain.
- Read label carefully before using product.
- Store chemicals under lock and key.
- Keep chemicals in original containers.
- Use chemicals only on crops specified and at correct rate
and schedule.
- Do not eat or smoke while applying pesticides.
- Wear all of the protective clothing and equipment listed
on the pesticide label.
- Wash clothing and skin immediately if chemicals should
come in contact with same.
- Avoid chemical drift to sensitive crops.
- Apply pesticides properly to avoid harm to humans,
livestock, fish, wildlife, and water supplies.
- Keep a record of pesticides applied, amounts used and
date of application.
- Use returnable pesticide containers when possible. Rinse
and recycle nonreturnable containers ore dispose of
properly.
- In case of accidental poisoning, call physician or take
patient to a hospital immediately. Remember to the
pesticide label with you.
- Follow the worker protection standard requirements and
ensure workers are trained and protected while working
with pesticides.
For additional copies of this guide, contact
Distribution Center
(701) 231-7882
North Dakota State University
Extension Service
Fargo, North Dakota 58105-5655
Or your nearest county office of the NDSU Extension Service
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A-1050, May 1998
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