Dry Bean Production Guide (continued)

A-1133, July 1997

Band Applicator Calibration

The same calibration methods as is used for broadcast spraying can be used to calibrate band applicators. The only difference is the amount of area being covered. The main idea to keep in mind is what is meant by an acre. Total acres refers to the entire acreage in the field. This would include the sprayed band and the area between the bands. A treated acre refers only to the treated area in the band. The spray that would be discharged on a broadcast rate is concentrated in a narrow band by the ratio of the row spacing divided by the band width (see the following example). In band spraying, the row spacing and the nozzle spacing are the same.

Unless otherwise specified, chemical application rates are given on a broadcast basis. For band applications, the rate per treated area is the same as the broadcast rate, but the total amount of pesticide used on a field is less because only a portion of the field is treated.

Spray discharge charts furnished by spray equipment manufacturers for band nozzles are usually listed as applying chemical on a broadcast basis. The amount applied will increase when directed into a narrow band as listed in Table 2.

Table 1. Seconds to drive 300 feet converted to miles per hour.

      Seconds to Drive       Seconds to Drive
 MPH      300 feet      MPH      300 feet
----------------------------------------------
 1.0        204         8.0         26
 1.5        136         8.5         24
 2.0        102         9.0         23
 2.5         82         9.5         22
 3.0         68        10.0         20
 3.5         58        10.5         19
 4.0         51        11.0         18
 4.5         45        12.0         17
 5.0         41        13.0         16
 5.5         37        14.0         15
 6.0         34        15.0         14
 6.5         31        16.0         13
 7.0         29        18.0         11
 7.5         27        20.0         10
----------------------------------------------

Table 2. Conversion factor to convert broadcast rate
(rate per total acre) to band rate (rate per treated acre).

             Row Spacing (inches)
            ----------------------
Band Width   20    30    36    40
-------------------------------------
(inches)
    8        2.5   3.8   4.5   5.0
   10        2.0   3.0   3.6   4.0
   12        1.6   2.5   3.0   3.3
   14        1.4   2.1   2.6   2.9
-------------------------------------

Band Calibration

1. Determine travel speed in the field you will be spraying. Drive at a uniform speed and measure the time to drive 300 feet.
2. Convert the time to travel 300 ft. to speed in MPH from Table 1.
3. Check for nozzle uniformity, and if variation is more than 10% from the average, replace the nozzles. Use the following formula to determine the gallons per acre being applied on a broadcast basis.

        GPM x 5940
GPA = ---------------
       MPH x w (in.)

Where: GPA = gallons per acre being applied
       GPM = gallons per minute, the nozzle flow rate
       MPH = travel speed in miles per hour
         W = spacing between nozzles in inches
      5940 = a constant to convert gallons per minute,
             miles per hour, and nozzle spacing in
             inches into gallons per acre.

4. The answer is the application rate per total acre.
5.  

Rate/total acre(GPA) x row width(in)
------------------------------------ = rate per treated acre
          Band width (in)

Example: In nozzle manufacturer charts, gallons per acre
         means volume applied to the area sprayed (treated
         acre). Depending on row spacing and band width,
         this area is some fraction of the total field. The
         following shows the higher volume discharged in a
         treated acre when the broadcast rate is determined:

5 GPA measured with the broadcast calibration method
30-inch row spacing
10-inch band with

50 GPA x 30-inch row spacing
---------------------------- = 15 GPA being applied in the band
     10-inch band width

Table 2 can be used to find the concentration effect of directing the spray from the broadcast rate to band application. Multiply the GPA found on the broadcast basis times the factor in Table 2.

With 15 GPA being applied in the row (treated acre), MIX THE CHEMICAL IN THE SPRAY TANK BASED ON THIS RATE. Do not mix it on the 5 GPA (total acre) rate or you will be applying chemical in the row at three times the desired rate. If you do not want to apply water in the row at 15 GPA, a smaller nozzle would be needed. Refer to the charts in the nozzle manufacturers catalog. Keep in mind that you are covering only part of the field with pesticide so you will be using less chemical.

Irrigation

To achieve maximum yield potential, dry beans require 12 to 18 inches of soil moisture during the growing season. When irrigation supplements normal rainfall to maintain optimum soil moisture conditions, dry beans are capable of producing 150 to 300 pounds for each inch of additional water, depending on bean class. Daily dry bean water use or evapotranspiration (ET) depends on the stage of growth, local climatic conditions and available soil moisture. Plant architecture (Type I, II, III and IV) will also affect the daily dry bean water use. Generally, the larger, bushier dry bean types will use more water than the shorter, narrow types.

The frequency and amount of irrigation depends on the growth stage of the dry beans (which determines the daily crop water use), the water-holding capacity of the soil in the root zone, and the prevailing weather conditions.

Dry Bean Rooting Depth and Water Use

Dry beans are shallow rooted. Typically, in deep soils, roots grow laterally 8 to 12 inches and downward to a depth of 3 feet or more. Root distribution is concentrated near the soil surface. About 90% of the roots will be found in the top 2 feet which is considered the effective rooting depth for irrigation purposes. Over the course of a growing season, only about 10% of the water used by the beans will be obtained from the soil below 2 feet.

Average dry bean water use rates will increase from about 0.05 inches per day soon after emergence to over 0.25 inches per day during pod development (Figure 1). The dry bean water use amounts include the evaporation from the soil surrounding the plants. The water use is a depth measurement because it is assumed that the dry beans remove soil water from under every square foot of soil surface in the field.

Figure 1. Dry bean use and soil moisture management criteria. (19KB b&w image)

Water Holding Capacities of Soil

The depth and water holding capacity of soil has a great influence over when and how often irrigations are required. Soil texture determines the amount of available water it will hold (Table 1). Note that the greater the water holding capacity of the soil in the root zone, the less frequent the irrigations should be. It is important to know the soil texture and water holding capacity of the dominant soil type in a dry bean field and use that information for making irrigation decisions.

Table 1. Approximate available soil water holding capacities for
various soil textural classifications.

                                  Available Moisture
                              ---------------------------
Soil Texture                   Inches/Inch   Inches/Foot
---------------------------------------------------------
Coarse sand and gravel         0.02 to 0.06  0.2 to 0.7
Sand                           0.04 to 0.09  0.5 to 1.1
Loamy sand                     0.06 to 0.12  0.7 to 1.4
Sandy loam                     0.11 to 0.15  1.3 to 1.8
Fine sandy loam                0.14 to 0.18  1.7 to 2.2
Loam and silt loam             0.17 to 0.23  2.0 to 2.8
Clay loam and silty clay loam  0.14 to 0.21  1.7 to 2.5
Silty clay and clay            0.13 to 0.18  1.6 to 2.2
---------------------------------------------------------

Irrigation Water Management

It is desirable to have a soil profile that is near field capacity at planting, which will occur naturally with normal winter snow and spring rainfall. Less than a full soil moisture profile to a depth of at least 3 feet at planting could hinder root development later in the season. Also, stored soil moisture in the root zone serves as a supplement during high water use periods.

Dry beans planted on shallow soils (12 to 18 inches of top soil) underlain by coarse sand and gravel will have a reduced root zone. A reduced root zone will affect irrigation water management decisions.

During the period prior to flowering and the period after the majority of the pods are full, dry beans are relatively drought tolerant. They can withstand 50 to 60% soil water depletion without a significant impact on yields (Figure 1). However, during the flowering and pod development period, soil moisture levels in the root zone should not be depleted more than 50% (preferably 40%) to achieve maximum yields.

The first irrigation should be applied when the soil moisture is between 50 and 60% depleted after emergence. With normal rainfall this should take the beans almost to flowering. After flowering, irrigate before the soil moisture profile reaches 50 percent depletion.

Dry beans will mature early if ample moisture is available during the vegetative growth stage (pre-flowering) and if the last irrigation occurs when the first pods are filling. Late season irrigations can delay maturity. If the beans have begun to dry, irrigation will not be needed because the beans are no longer removing much water from the soil profile.

Most center pivots are managed to apply from 0.5 to 1 inch of water per revolution; therefore, during flowering it is critical that the soil moisture profile be monitored frequently, or it may be difficult to keep up with dry bean water use during periods of high temperatures and wind.

Here are some tips for good irrigation management of dry beans:

1. Irrigations may need to be scheduled to minimize disease problems rather than maximize yield.
2. Irrigate at night, if possible, and let foliage dry during the day to reduce disease problems.
3. Maturity may be delayed up to 15 days by letting the soil get too dry after planting and yield potential will also decrease.
4. Avoid excessive dry soil levels during the flowering stage. The shock of watering dry soil can cause flowers to fall off the plant.
5. Do not irrigate when lower foliage on the plant is still wet from rainfall or irrigation.
6. To avoid aiding the development of white mold, do not use light, frequent irrigations. The plants and soil surface become just as wet with a light irrigation as with a 1 inch application. Dry beans respond best in soils with adequate oxygen present.
7. Late season irrigations may delay the final maturity date.

Irrigations can be terminated when at least 80% of the pods show yellowing and are mostly ripe. Another indicator of when to terminate irrigations is when 50% of the leaves are yellowing on the plant.

Irrigation Scheduling

Determining when to start and stop an irrigation system is a very important part of irrigation water management. Soil in the root zone is the reservoir that stores the water for use by the dry beans. Soil moisture levels in the root zone determine the criteria for when to start and stop irrigations. There are several soil moisture monitoring tools available to determine the soil moisture level at a particular time and place.

Direct soil moisture measurement can be done several ways. The "soil feel" method is the most widely used. It involves using a soil probe to obtain a soil sample from a certain depth in the root zone then determining the amount of soil moisture by squeezing the soil in the palm of your hand. To be accurate using the soil feel method requires considerable experience with a variety of soil textures.

Soil moisture can also be measured with mechanical devices such as tensiometers and soil moisture blocks. When these are used, one or more of these devices are buried at different levels in the root zone. The amount of soil moisture is determined by either reading a gage or using a portable meter. These devices only indicate the soil moisture status at that particular location. Electronic methods which measure soil moisture levels based on the changes in measurable electronic properties of the soil are also available.

Using just soil moisture measurement for irrigation scheduling can create more work during the growing season for the irrigation manager. Soil moisture measurements must be made two or three times during the week and at several locations in the field.

Another form of irrigation scheduling is to use estimated dry bean water use figures. This method, sometimes called the "crop water use replacement method," is based on obtaining daily estimates of dry bean water use and measuring rainfall amount. Irrigations are scheduled to replace the amount of soil moisture used by the dry beans minus the amount of rain received since the last irrigation. Estimations of water use for dry beans based on maximum daily temperature are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Average dry bean water use based on maximum daily air temperature,
week after emergence and growth stage (inches/day).

at week #4: 4 Leaf
at week #5: Auxiliary Bud
at week #6: Flower
at week #8: Podding
at week #10: Initial Strip
at week #11: Leaf Yellow
after week #13: Maturity

The best choice of tools for irrigation scheduling is a combination of in-field soil moisture measurement and a recorded daily soil water accounting procedure. This method, called the "checkbook" method, has also been used successfully for many years in Minnesota and North Dakota. The checkbook method is a soil moisture accounting method which uses daily dry bean water use values and the soil water-holding capacity to predict the time and amount of water needed to replenish what has been removed from the root zone since the last irrigation or rain. A bulletin on irrigating using the checkbook method is available from any county extension office in Minnesota and North Dakota.

Harvesting Dry Beans

Dry bean harvesting operation is done by one of two ways; undercutting, windrowing and combining from the windrow, and straight combining. Dry beans should be harvested at the 15 to 18% moisture level to minimize splitting and seedcoat damage. Harvesting at lower moisture levels may result in an excessive percentage of split beans and checked seedcoats. Beans with checked seedcoats may split with further handling.

Harvest dry beans before a killing frost. Frozen immature beans are difficult to separate in processing, while unfrosted immature bean seeds will shrink during drying and can be separated.

Dry beans are ready for harvest when some of the pods are dry and when the majority of pods have turned yellow. The nearly mature dry beans in the yellow pods will continue to ripen after they are cut. Too many dry pods at harvest will result in heavy shattering. Dry bean cutting and windrowing should be done at night or early in the morning when the plants are damp with dew. All bean types, but especially whites, require a harvest period relatively free from rain to avoid seed discoloration.

Cutting and Windrowing

Dry beans may be undercut and windrowed in two separate operations or as a single operation. Blade type undercutters knife the plant root 1 to 2 inches below the soil surface. The rodding operation uses a bean rod to lift the plants from the soil. The number of rows to be placed in one windrow will depend on the density of the crop and the size of combine used. Leave beans in the windrow only long enough for the lower stem and attached row parts to dry sufficiently for combining.

Bush type beans may be harvested with a straight-cut attachment on a combine. It is usually best to use the flexible cutterbar and pickup reel. These operate much closer to the soil and save considerably more seed. Most field loss is caused by pods being cut by the cutterbar or operating at an incorrect speed. Recent equipment developments include replacing or supplementing the pickup reel with an air reel to help move plants across the cutterbar. Research has shown that field losses with conventional straight cut type headers can range from 20 to up to 40% of the yield. Grower experiences with direct cut headers suggest that the addition of an air reel and supplemental lifter guards to a flexible cutterbar can reduce loss to 5 to 10% of yield.

Harvest Losses with Conventional Harvest Systems

Harvest losses reduce net income and increase problems with volunteer beans the following season. A survey of 21 fields in Nebraska found that total harvest losses averaged 4% of yield, but ranged from less than 1% to over 12%. Careful operators consistently maintained harvest loss below 3% of yield. The study also found that about 60% of the total harvest loss occurred during the combining operation, with about half of this loss attributed to header loss and half to threshing loss. The remaining 40% of harvest loss was equally divided between the cutting, windrowing or rodding operations.

Combine Operation

Grain combines are frequently used for harvesting edible beans but growers with large acreages often use special bean combines. They usually have two cylinders specifically designed for bean threshing and special separating and cleaning units. These special combines do not contain augers and usually move beans with conveyor belts or bucket elevators.

Conventional combines with rasp bar cylinders work well for beans and the new type rotaries are very good. Rotaries tend to cause less impact on the seed and less seed crackage. Tests have shown significantly lower cracked and broken beans as compared to conventional combines.

Rotary combines should be equipped with specialty dry bean rotors and the appropriate threshing bar configuration to provide optimum threshing and separation.

Combining should begin when beans reach 18% moisture content. Combine cylinders should be run only fast enough to do a complete threshing job. Some machines may need special speed reducers to obtain proper speed. High cylinder speeds and allowing the seed to become too dry substantially increase seed cracking and splitting. When beans are at 18% moisture, the cylinder should be operating at a speed as recommended in the operator's manual. It is difficult to give one cylinder speed, as diameters of cylinders and rotors vary from 17 inches up to 30 inches in diameter. It is usually best to set cylinder speed as slow as possible and check to be sure that pods are threshed to allow bean removal. Excessive cylinder speeds will cause excessive splits and checking.

It is usually desirable to reduce the cylinder speed as the day progresses to compensate for additional drying. Maintain as large a concave clearance as possible and still do a good job of threshing. As beans dry down, cylinder or rotor to concave settings should be increased. Check your operator's manual for recommended cylinder speed and concave setting. Manufacturer's recommendations apply to average or normal conditions and may require variation to meet specific field conditions.

It may be necessary to harvest only in the morning and evening when the pods are tough in order to hold shattering losses to a minimum and reduce the number of split beans and checked seedcoats. Crowd the combine cylinder to near maximum capacity without overloading. To do this, either use a faster travel speed or put more rows in the windrow. The additional straw going through the threshing mechanism will help cushion the beans and prevent damage.

Set the adjustable chaffer at 5/8 inch and the sieve at 7/16 inch. This should allow the threshed beans and some hulls to fall through the chaffer, and the cleaning sieve will allow only threshed beans to fall through to the grain auger. Use a relatively high fan speed and direct the blast toward the forward one-third of the cleaning shoe. Check your operator's manual for specific recommendations. Check the tailings return periodically to note the quantity and composition of the material being returned to the cylinder for rethreshing. Any appreciable quantity of threshed beans in the tailing return indicates that the adjustable chaffer is set too tight. Completely threshed beans returning through the auger for rethreshing will increase the amount of split beans and checked seedcoats.

Check the grain tank for dirt and foreign material and for beans that are split or have checked seedcoats. Excess dirt and chaff generally indicate that the adjustable sieve is adjusted too wide or that the fan blast is inadequate or improperly directed.

Excessive checks and splits generally indicate one or more of the following:

1. The cylinder speed is too high.
2. The cylinder concave clearance is too small.
3. Too many concave bars or grates are being used.
4. Too many completely threshed beans are being returned through the tailings system.

Most combine manufacturers have a number of optional accessories available for use on beans. These usually are bean sieves, screens placed in the grain pan and along elevator tubes. These help to remove dirt and foreign material from the beans.

Always handle field beans gently. Avoid dropping beans from great heights in unloading and handling. Beans check and crack when dropped, particularly on hard surfaces and when dry. Cushion or deflect the fall of beans whenever possible. Keep elevator flight chains snug so that flights do not ride on beans.

Measurement of Harvest Loss

Measuring field loss during harvest is relatively easy. Harvest losses can cost the grower thousands of dollars if the problem persists over many acres. Five simple steps can provide a good harvest loss estimate:

• Locate three random sites in the field
• At each site, outline an area that is 1 ft. in the direction of equipment travel and is as wide as the effective width of the implement. For example, if a combine is picking up windrows containing 12 30-inch rows, the width of the measurement area should be 30 feet. Examine the entire width of the implement pass, not just behind the threshing section of the combine where loss can be concentrated.
• Search the soil surface and through any soil loosened by harvest implements within the outlined area for seeds and unthreshed pods. Count all bean seeds.
• Divide the number of seeds found by the number of square feet within the outlined area. This will provide the average number of bean seeds lost per square foot. Take an average of the three areas sampled within the field.
• Use Table 1 to convert average number of seeds lost per square foot to pounds of seed lost per acre for specific seed sizes.

For example, if a sampled area over the full effective width of an implement pass averaged 1 pinto bean seed per square foot, the field loss would be approximately 36 lb/A, assuming 1200 seeds/lb. To extrapolate to 3 seeds/ sq. ft. for the same seed size of 1200 seeds/lb, one could multiply 3 by 1.0 by 36 lb/acre = 108 lb/acre field loss.

Table 1. Field loss based on the average number of
seeds lost per square foot of soil and seed size of the
variety harvested.

                 Average no. of seeds
                 lost per square foot
           --------------------------------
Seed Size    0.5     1.0     5.0     10.0
-------------------------------------------
Seed/lb      -- pounds/acre field loss --
  800         27      55     272      545
 1200         18      36     182      363
 1600         14      27     136      272
 2000         11      22     109      218
 2400          9      18      91      182
 2800          8      16      78      156
------------------------------------------

Use the following information to estimate the number of seeds per pound for the specific market class of the harvested bean:

 Market Class     Seeds per Pound
-----------------------------------
  Kidney             800-1000
  Pinto             1200-1400
  Great Northern    1400-1800
  Pink/Small Red    1600-2000
  Navy/Black        2400-2800
-----------------------------------

Drying, Storing, and Handling Dry Edible Beans

The recommended storage moisture content is the moisture content that will permit storage without deterioration exceeding acceptable quality. It will depend on the length of the desired storage period and the temperatures during storage.

There are limited studies on the allowable storage time of edible beans, but the results from corn can be used to estimate the storage moisture content and storage time for edible beans. The equilibrium moisture content of edible beans is similar to corn, so expected recommended storage moisture contents should be similar.

The maximum allowable storage time for 18% moisture corn at 50 degrees is 3.4 months. Cooling the 18% moisture corn to 40 degrees extends the maximum storage period to about 6.1 months. Therefore, edible beans can be stored at 18% moisture content during the fall and winter if they are cooled with an aeration system so they are no warmer than 50�F in October and 30 degrees in November.

Lower moisture contents should be used if longer storage periods are desired or the beans cannot be cooled to the specified temperatures. Corn at 16% moisture is expected to store for about nine months at 60�F, which is the basis of the 15.5% moisture content recommendation during fall through spring. A moisture content of 16% should normally be considered the maximum recommended short term storage moisture content for edible beans.

For long-term storage the moisture content must be low enough to permit storage without deterioration at typical summer temperatures. For example, the recommended long-term storage moisture content for wheat is normally at about 13%. This keeps the relative humidity in the wheat below 65% at 70 degrees, which limits mold growth. The recommendation for edible beans is also about 13% based on the same considerations.

If the beans can be kept cooler, the acceptable moisture content can be increased. If the beans can be kept at 60�F or cooler, the moisture content can be 14% for long term storage.

It is important to follow good storage management practices such as measuring the temperature and moisture content of the beans at least monthly. Whenever there is more than a 10 degree differential between the average outdoor temperature and the bean temperature during the fall, the beans should be cooled with aeration. This should continue until beans at 16% moisture are cooled at least to 40�F and 18% moisture beans are cooled to about 30�F. Cooling below 30 degrees is not necessary and may increase the potential for handling damage.

Edible beans require special care when drying with a high temperature column dryer. The relative humidity of the drying air should not be lower than about 30% when drying Navy beans. Normally the drying should occur with the air heated less than about 20�F above the outdoor air temperature, to keep the relative humidity above 30%. The beans need to be monitored continuously to assure that the beans are not being damaged. Other beans are best dried with no supplemental heat.

Natural air drying will work well for drying edible beans during mid-September to mid-October in North Dakota. Based on average climatic conditions the beans should dry to about 14% moisture. Shutting fans off during the warmest part of the day will raise the final moisture content but lengthen the drying time. Shutting fans off during periods of higher humidity, such as night, will reduce the final bean moisture content. Recommended minimum airflow rates for various moisture contents and the corresponding estimated drying times are shown in the following table.

Minimum recommended airflow rates and estimated drying times for
dry edible beans using a natural air drying system from Mid-September
to mid-October in North Dakota.

 Moisture Content   Airflow Rate    Drying Fan Time
----------------------------------------------------
                   cfm/bu  cfm/cwt       days
       22%          2.5      4.2          23
       21%          1.6      2.7          30
                    2.0      3.3          24
       20%          1.5      2.5          28
                    2.0      3.3          22
       19%          1.5      2.5          28
                    2.0      3.3          22
----------------------------------------------------

There is no information available on the static pressure associated with moving air through edible beans, so design the drying system using the data for shelled corn.

Dry edible beans are fragile, so they must be handled with care. Beans become more susceptible to handling damage at lower moisture contents and cold temperatures. Do not warm beans above 50 degrees, since allowable storage time is reduced by about 50% for each 10 degree temperature increase. Belt conveyors are preferred due to their gentleness in conveying. Drop heights must be limited. A bean ladder should be used inside storage bins to reduce impact damage. The speed of auger rotation should be reduced and augers operated "full" to minimize damage. Elevator legs need to be adapted for handling beans, including reducing the discharge velocity and utilizing a method of gently slowing the beans at the bottom of spouts.

For more information request the following publications

AE-701 Grain Drying
AE-791 Crop Storage Management
EB-35 Natural Air - Low Temperature Crop Drying

Contributors to Dry Bean Production Guide

Duane Berglund, Agronomist, NDSU Extension Service
Tim Courneya, Northarvest Bean Growers Association
David Franzen, Soil Science Specialist, NDSU Extension Service
Phillip Glogoza, Entomologist, NDSU Extension Service
Kenneth Hellevang, Agricultural Engineer, NDSU Extension Service
Vern Hofman, Agricultural Engineer, NDSU Extension Service
Bill Kuntz, Seed Certification Specialist, N.D. State Seed Department
Art Lamey, Plant Pathologist, NDSU Extension Service
Thomas Scherer, Agricultural Engineer, NDSU Extension Service
Richard Zollinger, Weed Specialist, NDSU Extension Service

Bean Directory

Plant Diagnostic Labs

Plant Diagnostic Lab
Waldron Hall Rm. 206
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105
Phone:701-231-7854

Plant Disease Clinic
495 Borlaug Hall
1991 Buford Circle
St. Paul, MN 55108
Phone:612-625-1275

Seed Testing Labs

State Seed Dept.
P.O. Box 5257
Fargo, ND 58105
Phone:701-237-7927

State Seed Lab
Dept. of Agriculture
90 West Plato Blvd.
334-6360
St. Paul, MN 55107
Phone:612-296-6123

Northarvest Bean Growers Association

RR 3 Box 520
Frazee, MN 56544
Phone:218-334-6351Fax:218-334-6360

Extension Offices

North Dakota State University
Plant Sciences 701-231-8135
Economics 701-231-7393
Engineering 701-231-7236
Entomology 701-231-7581
Plant Pathology 701-231-7056
Soils 701-231-8884

University of Minnesota
Agronomy 612-625-8700
Economics 612-625-1226
Engineering 612-625-9733
Entomology 612-624-9272
Plant Pathology 612-625-6290
Soil Science 612-625-5797

Ag Statistics Services

North Dakota Ag Statistics Service
PO Box 3166
Fargo, ND 58108
Phone:701-239-5306

Minnesota Ag Statistics Service
8 East Fourth Street Suite 500
St. Paul, MN 55101
Phone:612-296-2230

Dry bean production across the U.S. (18KB b&w image)

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A-1133, July 1997