It's All In Your Water
What's Wrong With My Water? Choosing the Right Test

WQ-1352, January 2008

Roxanne Johnson, Water Quality Associate, North Dakota State University
Tom Scherer, Ph.D., Extension Agricultural Engineer, North Dakota State University

Adobe Acrobat PDF file. (102KB)

Please let us know if this publication has helped you by taking a five-minute survey at www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/abeng/waterquality.htm.

Who is Responsible?

Households using municipal or rural water supplies can depend on the utility to follow Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines for maximum levels of
contaminants. An annual report is distributed to the users.

Private well owners are not monitored by government agencies. This means the owner must take responsibility for the condition of the system. Routine testing establishes a water-quality record. If a contaminant problem develops, correlating the cause is easier if you keep a water-quality record.

What's in Your Water?

Water is never just pure hydrogen and oxygen. Water naturally contains minerals and microorganisms from the rocks, soil and air in which it comes in contact. Human activities add many more substances to water. Some, such as bacteria, come from waste products of people and animals. Others, such as gasoline and industrial solvents, are synthetic chemicals, made and used for special purposes. Still other materials, such as nitrate and salt, occur naturally, but human activities can increase their concentrations in the environment. Which of the many potential drinking water contaminants should you be concerned about?

Reasons to Test Your Private Well

• Your well is new or recently serviced
• The area around the wellhead has been flooded or submerged
• Back-siphoning has occurred
• You have used, mixed or spilled pesticides near the well
• You have a heating oil tank or underground fuel tank near the well that has leaked
• You are pregnant, are planning a pregnancy or have an infant less than 6 months old
• Your or your neighbor's septic system absorption field is close to the well (within 100 feet)

Annual Baseline Testing

• Coliform (bacteria)
• Nitrate/Nitrite (forms of nitrogen)
• Total Dissolved Solids (salts)
• pH
• Any constituents that were at or near maximum safe drinking water limit standards in previous tests

Every Five Years

• The above tests
• A complete water chemistry analysis

  Keep copies of ALL results so you can track changes in your water quality through time.

What to Test for

How Do I Test My Water?

Contact a certified lab for questions concerning sampling. A list of certified labs is available at www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/abeng/waterquality.htm

Bacterial analysis

Most labs will provide a sterile collection container. This container may contain a chlorine inhibitor, so do not rinse the container prior to use.

Remove the aerator from the faucet if it has one. Sterilize the end of the faucet with a flame. Remove the bottle cap, taking care not to touch the inside of the cap or container.

To remove stagnant water from the system, run the water for 30 seconds and then fill the bottle to the line indicated or near the top. Immediately replace the bottle cap and secure transportation as soon as possible because coliform samples should be analyzed within 48 hours of collection.

Chemical analysis

Well water
Pump the well for several minutes so the actual sample collected is from the groundwater source.

Tap water
Run the tap fully open for 30 seconds before collecting the sample.

Rinse the container two to three times with the water being collected unless preservative has been added to the container to maintain sample integrity (iron and manganese). Lead testing requires the water sample to be taken after the water has been sitting undisturbed in pipes. Do not run water prior to sampling.

Completely fill the container, leaving a small space for expansion of the liquid. Immediately replace the bottle cap.

Send the samples to the lab within 48 hours.

Good-quality (potable) drinking water is free from disease-causing organisms, harmful chemical substances and radioactive matter.

It tastes good, is aesthetically appealing and is free from objectionable color or odor.

Selecting the appropriate water treatment system

• Point-of-entry -- Treats water as it enters the residence.
• Point-of-use -- Treats water at a single tap. All filtration units can be fitted for whole-house application; however, expense may be a factor to consider.
  

This publication may be copied for noncommercial, educational purposes in its entirety with no changes. Requests to use any portion of the document (including text, graphics or photos) should be sent to NDSU.permission@ndsu.edu. Include exactly what is requested for use and how it will be used.

For more information on this and other topics, see: www.ag.ndsu.edu

WQ-1352, January 2008